Effects Terrorism has on our Nation Essay example -- essays research p

Effects Terrorism has on our Nation Purpose: To inform readers of the effects the recent terrorist attacks have on society today. Audience: General Thesis: The terrorist attack on America has affected the economy, tourism and the foreign society tremendously. The Effects Terrorism has on Society From the lips of the FBI, â€Å"Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objective.† On September 11, 2001 the United States of America experienced such actions, it was the largest terror attack experienced by any country. The affect this had on America was tremendous, thousands are dead and tens of thousand of Americans in our country know someone who was killed or injured. The terrorist attack on America has affected the economy, tourism and foreign society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The economy has caused the U.S. unemployment to increase. The unemployment rate from two thousand one, to two thousand four has increased by 2 percent. The number of people without jobs has grown from six million, eight hundred and one thousand in The year two thousand and one,to eight million six hundred forty six thousand and two hundred fifty currently. This massive downsize is due to the lack of finances to fund workers in the workforce. Also the United States paid over one point, thirty six million dollars to families who lost loved ones in th...

Prisoner Without a Name Book Review Essay

Prisoner without a Name, Cell without a number is a melancholy novel that expresses Argentina’s terrorist state. Jacob Timerman, a well respected man of Argentina, an editor of a well know Argentinian paper, La Opinion, tells the audience his story of the terrorist state of Argentina from 1967-1978. His gripping novel both describes his personal experience being kidnapped by terrorist, while he tells us about the condition of the terrorist state of Argentina. His book is important because it tells a first hand account of the fear, the distrust, and the mere insanity of conditions in the country of Argentina during its darkest time. In Timerman’s first chapter, he opens by describing how he lives (though being locked up in a cell is not living) while being locked away in an unknown location (p.g. 4). He first describes his own â€Å"cell†. He is extremely descriptive and the reader can feel as though they are in his small, narrow, cold, wet cell. He tells his audience of a little crack in the wall, his only ventilation and only source of light, in such little detail, yet the reader can understand his isolation from light, the outside world, and his family. Timerman describes the crack as a â€Å"faint glow, night and day, eliminating time† which represents his unwilling determination and hope for freedom. Timerman’s first chapter also gives the reader a sense that through all the events he has under gone, he still remains the same strong willed person (under the circumstances) he was as he is described in the rest of the book. In addition to he crack in the wall, Timerman describes an encounter with another prisoner when the eyehole of his cell accidentally left open by the guards. He describes his encounter with such passion and emotion, yet they do not say anything,, only stare at each other. Timerman describes how their movements, their eyes blinking, represented emotion and passionate communication between the two of them. For in these conditions seeing someone who is in the same situation and somehow communicating with them was extraordinary for Timerman. This encounter that he describes is an important aspect of his book, in that it represents an encounter with another person struggling through the same pain, and same tourture that he is experiencing. This can be looked at as a simile towards the conditions in the country of Argentina. After Timerman describes his torture and isolation while under imprisonment, his next chapter tells us about the chaos that has under gone in Argentina, and her government. He explains to the readers that there are two sides in this civil war between the two parties of government, and describes all of the violence that has occured as a by-product of this war. He tells us of his encounters with the hysteria before he was kidnapped, and the disarray that was upon Argentinians. Timerman uses a quote by Luis Borges that was very interesting and nsightful, claiming that â€Å"the Argentine is not a citizen but an inhabitant; that he lacks an idea of the nation where he resides , but views it as a territory†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which is an understandable view. The people of Argentina, as Timerman describes, are scared of their government and the terrorism that is upon them. Timerman describes Argentina is such a state that there is no government, and, that the government is corrupt and that there is no trust authorities. Timerman, throughout the book, tells about mothers, fathers, relatives, and friends coming to La Opinion asking to write a letter about their loved one going missing, yet he further explains in almost every instance, that he could not do anything about it because it could get him executed. Timerman, throughout the book, always described his reasoning and perspective, in that, he said he wanted to help those people that came looking for help, yet he was already pushing his luck writing articles that no other paper would dare to write. Timerman tells the read that during his position as editor at La Opinion he received many death threats and hostile remarks due to his articles in his paper being to left sided, or too right sided political view. Yet Timmerman tells the reader that his intensions where not to support either side, but to write about the truth about what was going on in Argentina. He also wanted to stop this terrorism and find a way to halt this insanity. Timermans book does an amazing job at telling two stories, his story of survival during imprisonment for multiple years, while also telling the reader about the irrationality and absurdity of Argentina’s â€Å"government†. Though the book takes place in Argentina, those who read it will understand the universal application. It could happen else where, and that is why it is an important book to read, understand and take in. Timerman, in his book, is a witness for the rest of us.

Competition and US Antitrust Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3188 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Tags: Competition Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION The boundaries of a business conduct that can be defined as anticompetitive and exclusionary is still one of the most debated issues in the United States Antitrust Law (hereinafter US Antitrust Law) today. The business conducts that intends to decrease the competition in the relevent market is widely considered as violation under the Sherman Antirust Act dated 1890 (hereinafter Sherman Act), which aims to prevent the trusts and monopolization. As mentioned above by way of protecting the competition, Sherman Act foresees some provisions where it prohibits the contracts, combinations or conspiracies that are to preclude competition and harm other competitiors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Competition and US Antitrust Law" essay for you Create order Therefore these forms shall be illegal under Sherman Act to the extent they limit the commerce(KUSSE, 1984).[1] Under the US Antitrust Case Law and also by many leading scholars, it is widely accepted that a company is free to refuse to deal with a competitor if this behavior is not an attempt to monopolize the market. This paper will mainly focus on this assumption in light of the present US Law. In particular, in general, the Colgate doctrine revelaed that a competitor has the right to refuse to deal with a rival and if a monopoly power firm is not intended to create monopolization, the Sherman Act does not restrict the monopolist to freely choose the person/rival to deal. [2] When considering the Colgate doctine as starting point, this essay will argue the well known Aspen Case, in order to examine to what extent monopolists have an affirmative duty to deal with a rival. The limits of this right were drawn later by other US Supreme Court decision by considering the essetial fac ilities doctrine. Aspen is one of these cases where the Supreme Court concluded that the competitors right to refuse to deal with a rival competitior is not unquantified however the Court did not adopted the essential facilities doctrine. Therefore this doctrine will not be the subject of this paper instead it will be referred slightly when necessary. The facts of the Aspen case will be analyzed below further however just to give an overview it is noteworthy to mention beforehand that the dispute arose between two ski resort companies namely; Aspen Skiin and Aspen Highlands, which for many years contributed to a joint marketing of a ticket to the skiers which gives access to eachothers mountains.[3] However Aspen Skiing discontinued its participation in this joint ticket program with Aspen Highlands. In Aspen Case, the Supreme Court concluded that since the defendant monopolist could not prove the justification to its refusal to cooperate to market a joint ski lift ticket that it formerly supplied to the Claimant was to obtain or at least was to cause monopoly violates Section 2 of the Sherman Act.[4] RELEVANT FACTS OF THE CASE Aspen Case between two ski resort companies in Aspen, Colorado in the USA i.e. Aspen Highlands (hereinafter Aspen Higlands) and Aspen Skiing Co. (hereinafter Aspen Skiing) is a United States Supreme Court case dated 1985 which has significance effect with regard to the abuse of dominant position. By the time of the dispute was first brought to the US Federal District Court, tehere were four ski resorts in Aspen Mountain; only one of them was owned by Aspen Higland and the rest of the resorts were owned by a single resort namely Aspen Skiing. The Parties had, for several years, to be more specific-until 1978- contributed into a joint marketing plan to sell a ski ticket called a 4-area All Aspen ticket which allowed the skiers to visit all of the Mountains without considering at which resort they stay and the revenues from these sales were shared between the parties in accordance with the coupons collected everyday. However, in 1978, Aspen Skiing abused its dominant position by it will not continue to sell its visitors the all-Aspen ticket if Aspen Highlands would not accept a fixed share of revenue which will in long term will hamper rival competition and therefore not considered as normal competition.[5] After long negotiations, Highlands accepted a fixed percentage which is a bit higher than what was offered by Aspen Skiing, which was leter further decreased by Aspen Skiing. [6] Because this offer was unaccapteble for Aspen Highland and therefore had not been accepted by Aspen Highlands, Aspen Skiing discountinued to sell the all-Aspen tickets. Notwithstanding Aspen Skiing started to act in a way where it stoped to offer any lift tickets to Aspen Highlands visitors to enable them to ski at the the Aspen Skiing Mountains as well. This attitude economicly harmed Aspen Highlands since it prevent Aspen Highlands from offering skiers visiting its resort any ticket for giving acces to all mountains (multi- area ticket). In spite of this Aspen Skiing was a ble to offer a 3-area, 6-day ticket which made it the only resort in the market that can give oppourtunity to visit more than one mountain during their visit and therefore the visitor who wants to ski on different mountains had to visit the Aspen Skiings resort. In addition to that, to promote this ticket, Aspen Skiing started an advertising campaign that influenced people who were unfamiliar with Aspen where it changed its picture of the four mountains in the Airport-Aspen Airways waiting room. The new sign referred to its three mountains only.[7] These actions of Aspen Skiing harmed Aspen Highlands so deeply that it became very hard to survive in the market as a result of which Aspen Highlands became a day ski area. Consequently, Aspen Highlands market share faced a steady downfall after it discountinued to sell the multiarea tickets.[8] Aspen Highlands revenues from associated skiing facilities and services declined sharply as well. Eventually in 1979, Aspen Highlands filed a case before the United States District Court alleging that Aspen Skiings unilateral refusal to continue selling a joint ticket launced by the competitors was to attempt to monopolize the market under Sherman Act- Section 2. In 1985, the case was taken to the Supreme Court, wherein the Supreme Court concluded that Aspen Skiings refusal to deal with a rival competitor was exclusionary since it made a change in the longlasting joint marketing program between the parties on some basis other than efficiency which can be defined as predatory.[9] The Supreme Court more specifically reasoned its decision based on the fact that refusal to deal violates antirust law only when it is to maintain a monopoly power and Aspen Skiing without any justified reason cut a longlasting cooperation with its rival.[10] Prior to Aspen Case, almost al of the US Supreme Court case have evaluated the refusal to deal concept within the framework of essential facilities doctrine under which a monopolist is to deal with a competitior if a monopolist has the control of a facility essential for its rival to compete and it has denied the use of this facility to a rival without a valid business reason. Aspen Case is therefore important that it did not adopt the essential facilities doctrine, which was being critizied by many leading scholars.[11] The reason of the criticism was that most of the courts interpreted the essential facilities doctrine and concluded that it gives a general duty to deal with a rival. This was negated by the Aspen case where the court concluded that Aspen Skiings refusal to deal with Aspen Highlands was exclusionary when considering the fact that Aspen Skiing could not be able to prove an efficiency justification for its refusal and further the Court did not evaluated whether or not the product (facility) was essential. In my opinion Aspen case has a great importance where the Supreme Court did not consider the essential facilities doctrine instead the justific ation for a monopolist resfusal to deal with a rival. ASPEN CASE- REFUSAL TO DEAL WHAT IS MONOPOLY POWER? In the event that one firm has the majority of the market share and that one firm can determine the conditions of the market as being in a dominant position, it is worth to note that this firm has monopoly power, which can in practice use this power to determine the conditions that can have a negative impact on the smaller competitors. The US Antitrust Law prohibits the monopolies unless they are are not as a result of a natural success or superior product of a firm (legitametely gained monopoly). In other words, it is fair to say that the general standard under Sherman Act is that the criter of harm the rival and competition will be considered exclusionary conduct by a monopolist, for which sanctions were foreseen by the Sherman Act. DOES A MONOPOLY POWER FIRM HAVE THE DUTY TO ENGAGE IN BUSINESS WITH A COMPETITOR? Section 2 prohibits any concerted and unilateral conducts that are to acquire monopolies. As emphasized by RIEVMAN, due to a lack of a clear definition of an unilateral and anticompetitive conduct in the Act itself, the courts usually define and formalize the elements for an anticompetitive behaviour on a case by case basis (RIEVMAN, 2012).[12] As briefly mentioned above in the Colgate case the court concluded that if a monopolist did not intent to maintain monopoly, its can freely decide whether to deal or with whom to deal. Mostly after the Colgate Case, US Supreme courts adopted the same apporac. Similarly, in Lorain Journal and Aspen Case, the Courts and besides leading scholars revealed that the there is a duty to aid a rival unless a monopolist did not have a valid reason for refusal.[13] Therefore, the entrepreneur has the right to exercise independent discretion in choosing the customers or class of customers with whom he will deal unless this right to choose the customer e xcludes competition.[14] In Aspen Case it was decided that the offense of monopolization has two element as similarly explained in United States v. Grinnell Corp. that is to say if a firm has a monopoly power in the market who uses this power to create monopoly power which is not an outcome of a superior product or business of this firm. These elements set out by the vested practice of the US Supreme Courts decision determines the boundaries of the monopolization which will be considered as a violation of law. In a sense, the refusal to cooperate with a rival can be anticompetitive only under the above mentioned circumstances which is more basically the intent of the monopolist. The Court of Appeal in the Aspen Case took the same approach. The Court of Appeal emphasized that a monopolists intent should be taken into account when determining whether the challenged conduct is fairly characterized as exclusionary, anticompetitive, or predatory.[15] Unless there is a valid reas on for a monopoly power firm to refuse to deal with a rival, it will not be considered as a violation of Sherman Act Section 2, which shall be evaluated by examining the the firmss intent. Aspen Skiing was not able to support its position that it had a valid business reason when discontinuing to sell a joint marketing product launced and developed by both of the Parties. Aspen Skiing became the only ski resort that could offer a multiare ski-ticket to its visitos. Aspen Highlands had a great interest in continuing to sell the all-Aspen tickets and Aspen Skiings insistence first on a fixed percentage of the market share of the revenues from these tickets and secondy cancelling a long-lasted practice between the Parties. Without being able to sell tickets to the other mountains, Aspen Highlands market sahere and revenues declined where at the same time Aspen Skiings shares increased sharply. Aspen Skiings refusal for a 4 area-mountain ticket also had adverse affect on the skiers as well. Appeal Courts decision was later affirmed by the Supreme Court where it rendered that Aspen Skiing had monopolized the market in Aspen. The Supreme Court clerarly stated no monopolist monopolizes unconscious of what he is doing by making reference to  Borks book where he stated that improper exclusion that are not a consequence of a superior business or products is always intended therefore the intend shall be investigated (BORK, 1978). In the actual case, the Supreme Court cocluded that Aspen Skiing did not only rejected to contiune a joint marketing program long lasting between in the Parties but is actually without a valid reason stopped the availability of a tiket that was preferred by the skiers.[16] Therefore paralel to the Supreme Courts decision one can argue that Aspen Skiings decision to terminate the all-Aspen wa to determine the conditions of the market and harm the other competitor in the market. Not only to the rival competitor, also consumers were also affected by Aspen Skiings unilateral decision. The Supreme Court concluded that where a firm with monopoly power attempts to create monopoly power by restraining the competition in the market with our efficiency concerns, it will be considered a violation of Section 2. If one should examine the consequences of Aspen Highlands refusal to deal. For whatwever the reason is the strong demand of the skiers for all-Aspen ticket formed over the years, which remained unreciprocaed. Aspen Skiing cancelled a product that allowed the skiers to be flexibale about the mountain to ski each day which was preferred by the the majotiy of the skiers. Besides the consumers, due to Aspen Skiings pattern of conduct on Highlands together with the additional actions taken by Aspen Skiing Aspen Highlands was prevented from marketing its own product to compete with Aspen Skiing and therefore survive in the market. The Court indicated that underlying norm of efficieny was not met as a result of which i t is not fair to say that there is a proper exclusion of the monopolist. Aspen Skiing refusal to deal with Aspen Highland was to enforce a power to exclude the competition in the relevant market and could not be explained by a any valid business reason. I belive that the Supreme Courts decision was right in this respect when considering the reason for termination of the multi area tickets by Aspen Skiing. The reason was that Aspen Skiing was not happy with the accuracy of the ticket monitoring system. However it was later revealed by thevidences before the Supreme Court that Aspen Skiing itself monitored the use of the 3-area passes based on the same system which it claimed to be unproper during the cancellation of the joint product.[17] Therefore this is enough to have a clear indication that Aspen Skiing was enjoying to exclude competition in the market by hamparing a smaller rival. [18] As emphasized by the Supreme Court if there was any valid reason for the refusal then Aspen Sk iing would not be considered to be violating Section 2. Because having a monopoly power alone is not a base for a violation instead the conduct itself is important. One should consider whether the conduct namly the refusal of the monopoist to deal is to handicap competitior and whether it benefits the consumers by this conduct, which is definitely not the case in the instant case.[19] When considering the above, parallel to the Supreme Courts decision, I am of the understanding that the monopolist made an effort to hinder the skiers (customers) to prefer the smaller rival for skiing services and it had no valid reason when doing so. Therefore the monopolist conduct in an anticompetitive or exclusionary way for instance by harming a rival to get higher profit in the market shall be illegal. In other words there are limits of a right of a competitors refusal to deal. These limits are vested in the rivals ability to find new customers and make higher profits. This will be conside red sucessful competition.[20] Therefore as emphasized in many US Supreme Court decision a monopolist right to refuse to deal with a rival competitor is not unqauntified.[21] It may give rise to a responsibility unless there is any valid reason to do so. In Lorain Journal Case it was concluded by the Supreme Court that a refusal to deal with a competitor can harm this smaller competitors right to select his customers and therefore make benefit in the market. In Lorain Journal case the publisher was considered to be in an attempt to monopolize the market by trying to destroy its small competitor which was a radio station when refusing to sell advertising to persons that patronized the radio station. Finally, in my opinion, In Aspen Case, Aspen Skiing refusal of continuing a joint marketing product with Aspen Highlands resulted in a wane of Aspen Highlands share in the relevant market. The Court is right in concluding that although there is no general duty to deal with a competi tior, monopolists refusal to sell a joint ticket program with its rival should be considered as illegal to the extent that this refusal has no valid reason and harms the small competitor(s). CONCLUSION A monopolist duty to deal is considered by case by case approach. As emphasized by many US Supreme Court cases, monopolisy duty to deal with the competitor depends wherher monpolist has a valid reason for that refusal. In Aspen Case, Aspen Skiings conduct was to maintain a monopoly without a valid business reason. When considering the essential nature of the All-Aspen Ticket featuring access to all four maountiains Aspen Skiings refusal to deal with Aspen Highlands, had limited its facilites to offer its visitors. In my opinion within the framework of the objectives of the competition and consumer welfare, if a monopolists refusal to deal harms the smaller competitor and also the consumer, which will be negatively effected by the refusal, this should be considered as violatio n of Sherman Act if there is no valid reason to refuse and one will be able to argue that a monopoly power firm then has a duty to cooperate with its rival. REFERENCES KUSSE, Kathryn A., Refusal to Deal as a Per Se Violation of the Sherman Act: Russel Stover Attacks the Colgate Doctrine, (1984) Retrieved from https://www.americanuniversitylawreview.org/pdfs/33/33-2/kusske.pdf RIEVMAN, David M., Boston College Law Review, Volume 28, Issue 2, Number 2, Article 7, 3-1-1987, The Grinnell Test of Monopolization Sounds a False Alarm: Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp. (1987) KÃÆ'„SEBERG, Thorsten Intellectual Property, Antitrust and Cumulative Innovation in the EU and the US, p.187 (2012) KAPEN Alon Y., Duty to Cooperate Under Section 2 of the Sherman Act Aspen Skiings Slippery Slope, Cornell Law Review Volume 72 Issue 5 July 1987 Article 5 ELHLAUGE Einer, GERADIN Damien, Global Competition Law and Economics, 2011, p. 425 R. BORK, The Antitrust Pa radox (1978) CASE REFERENCES Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp., 472 U.S. 585 (1985) United States v. ColgateCo., 250 U.S. 300 (1919) Lorain Journal v. United States, 342 U.S. 143, 154 (1951) United States v. Citizens Southern National Bank 422 US 86 1 [1] KUSSE, p. 463 (1984) [2] Colgate, 250 U.S. at 307 [3] Parties had a interchangable ticket program which gives acces to all of the four mountains for the skiers visiting these resorts. [4] Aspen, 472 U.S. 585, at 610-11 [5] Id. at 591; ELHAUGE/GERADIN, p. 415 [6] Id. at 593 [7] Id. at 593 [8] Id. at 590 [9] BORK, p. 344 [10] Id. at 603 [11] ELHAUGE/GERADIN, 447. 415 [12] RIEVMAN (2012), p.415 [13]Lorain Journal v. United States; Verizon vs. Trinko, ifra 524 [14] JONES/ SUFRIN, p.524 [15] Id. at 602-04 [16] Id at 603 [17] Id at 608-10. [18] Id at 608-10. [19] Id at 597 [20] United States v. Citizens Southern National Bank 422 US 86 [21] Id. at 602

Analysis Of The Book Tom Sawyer - 1629 Words

Tom sawyer is a very fun and entertaining book and is great for all families and children alike. Why do i say this, I say this because the book of Tom Sawyer is set in St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg may be small but it s got everything a boy could ever want. This really adds to the excitement and appeal of the book. Another thing that adds to the appeal of the book is the narrator point of view. Twain does a good job of using versatility and verbal skill in the narrator point of view. For example tom s words have a bit of boyish energy to them. For example tom states oh, if only i d had a little more whitewash, this is a lack of a better term, it s as if twain does more than thinking about his characters, it s almost as if he can†¦show more content†¦But tom as smart as he is catches on to aunt polly s motive s and sewed his shirt collar back in place after his swim that afternoon. And tom did so well in fact that Aunt polly apologizes to tom for her suspicions. He almost g ets away with it too. Until sidney Points out that black thread was used to sew back Toms collar which was originally white .This proves that tom can be very intellectual and can make very bad decisions to avoid getting in trouble. Just simple acts like these remind many people of the things they did in their childhood. Which better allows them to connect to the book which is exactly what Mark twain wanted as a writer. To allow people to connect with his novels. Especially his most popular novels like tom sawyer. At times Tom can seem to be unpredictable at times. For example in chapter 3 you see a darker side of Tom. A lot of the time toms carefree attitude mask what could be considered self esteem. He constantly wants something he doesn t quite fully understand something that he considers â€Å"Glory† He is willing to trade many of his worldly possessions for his so called glory. Tom also loves to show off but in darker times when tom feels like he is getting enough love, T om Goes into what i would call a type of depression where he questions whether or not he even deserves to live, by imagining his own funeral. Although tom will never beShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Tom Sawyer 1094 Words   |  5 PagesMark Twain’s book titled Tom Sawyer has great popularity. Twain is a famous American author known for his stories. 1876 is the year of publication of the book. Nevertheless, over the years there have been many editions of it. I chose the book because it is quite an interesting read since it presents the adventurous life story of a boy as he grows up. It is thus an adventurous book. His life and the manner in which he interacts with people around him are impressively demonstrated in the book. This paperRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer904 Words   |  4 PagesThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer Critical Analysis â€Å"Sometimes problems don’t require a solution to solve them, instead they require maturity to outgrow them.† (1). Eventually in life we will have to grow up and face our problems maturely, and it’s a large price to pay. In The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Tom faces a challenge of maturity. The question is, did Tom mature socially or morally more? My thesis is Tom matured morally over socially in the book, due to how much he doesn’t learn to obey thoseRead MoreLiterary Analysis Term Paper for Tom Sawyer : a Classic Novel771 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis Term Paper for Tom Sawyer: A Classic Novel Mark Twain’s book is a novel that follows the juvenile life of a small boy. You will see how much fun the main character, Tom, and his friends have by skipping school, fishing, swimming, and using with their imaginations to have a good time. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a classic novel for many reasons. The plot gives us an idea about how people lived in the era the book takes place in. Readers enjoy the book because they can relateRead MoreThe Adventures Of Tom Sawyer . __________________. A Book1061 Words   |  5 PagesTHE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER __________________ A Book Review Presented to Mr. Parsons and Mrs. Amy Lack Woodville High School __________________ U.S. History I and English 10 __________________ by Arian Campbell April 19, 2017 The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is a 271-page novel. Tom is a boy, and merely and exactly an ordinary boy on the moral side. What makes him delightful to the reader is that on the imaginative side he is very much more, andRead MoreMark Twain s Adventures Of Tom Sawyer1586 Words   |  7 Pagescharacters, and plot of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer are closely related to Mark Twain’s own life experiences. 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Tom is the constant, his immaturity not changing from the beginning to the end of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, while Huck is the changing variableRead MoreHuck Finn Character Analysis Essay1057 Words   |  5 PagesThe Adventures Huckleberry Finn Character Analysis The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by Mark Twain in 1884 and is considered to be a Great American Novel. Mark Twain’s adventurous novel depicts the image of a young American boy living along the Mississippi River in the mid-1800s and expresses interpretations on on rules, morality, and racism. This caused a lot of controversy and criticism, due to the moral compass of the times. Although main characters play a major role throughout theRead More Huck Finn Analysis Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesHuck Finn Analysis The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn A Critical Analysis SECTION I- Chapters 1 through 11 The book introduces Huck as the first person narrator which is important because it establishes clearly that this book is written from the point of view of a young, less than civilized character. His character emerges as a very literal and logical thinker who only believes what he can see with his own eyes. In this section Huck’s life with the Widow Douglas and her attempts toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn 1332 Words   |  6 PagesHuckleberry Finn Cheat Sheet Title: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Author: Mark Twain Publication: December 10, 1884 Setting and Time period: The setting throughout the story mainly takes place along areas by the Mississippi River, and as stated in the book, â€Å"Forty to Fifty Years ago†. Characters: Huckleberry Finn - The protagonist and narrator of the novel. Huck is the thirteen-year-old son of the local drunk of St. Petersburg, Missouri, a town on the Mississippi River. Frequently forced to surviveRead MoreHuck Finn, And The Symbolism Of Huckleberry Finn830 Words   |  4 Pagesinjustice as a way to suggest civilization will never advance unless Americans can overcome the greed they have gained from supremacy. Huck describes many men as great and heroic throughout the novel. The way Huck talks about Col. Grangerford and Tom Sawyer are some of the most evident examples of this. In fact, he dedicates the start of chapter 18 to describe Col. Grangerford as a â€Å"Gentlemen all over† and â€Å"well born.† (105.) But quickly we see Huck’s view is tainted by the Grangerford’s romanticized

Slavery Is A Form Of Forced Labor - 2183 Words

Under the whips, working hard jobs every day and night, a little food, these are realities of slaves live. Have you asked your self can I live in such condition? Definitely the answer would be no even if you were a free. You might have asked what is slavery and when it started? The slavery is defined â€Å"the condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised, including where such a condition results from a debt or contract made by the person†. (270.1 Criminal Code)(antislavery.org). Slavery is a form of forced labor has existed since before written records, even playing a large role in biblical time. According to the international magazine, the slavery started 10,000 years ago in â€Å"Mesopotamia† or what it calls now Iraq. Male slaves worked in the field where the female slaves called on for sexual service for their masters. Those slaves were taken after their people defeated in a war. However, the institution of slavery is as old as civilization, and many of empires and nations were built by muscles of slaves From Greek empire to the Roman to the medieval European. In the 17th century even after hundred years, the dehumanize practices of slavery still exist. Slavery in America began when the first African slaves were brought to the North America in 1619 to work in the field and serve (History.com). Some historians estimated that 6 to 7 millions slaves were imported to the new world only in the 18th century. Through theseShow MoreRelatedSlavery Is The Most Extreme Form Of Forced Labor Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesSlavery Whenever we hear the word â€Å"slavery† in the United States, we tend to think of the Southern part of the United States during the Pre-Civil War era. What many people don’t seem to know, is that this horrible act of slavery has occurred worldwide! The term slavery has many different definitions and has occurred all throughout our world history. 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Treating Patient in an Acute Care

Question: Describe a essay about treating patient in an acute care? Answer: Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is the amalgamation of best available scientific studies and clinicians expertise and patients conscience to provide the best possible outcomes for the patients. These criteria are fundamental components of the holistic nursing process (Kenneth et al., 1998). The present essay discusses the importance of EBP in the nursing approach for acute illnesses with the help of a case study which came across to me while serving in Accident and Emergency (AE) department. I was appointed there to take care of the patients with respiratory problems which also helped me to enhance my knowledge in attending the patients with acute illness and strengthen my experience as a nurse. The present discussion involves the case study of a 19-year old female patient (Wynaden et al., 2005) suffering from Downs syndrome and acute dementia. However, the immediate reason for the admission was acute breathlessness. Patients history sheet revealed that she had undergone surgery for the correction of atrioventricular septum defect. She was also suffering from auditory impairment, vision disturbances and coeliac diseases. On first look, she appeared agitated and found difficulty in communicating with the nursing staff. She was also screaming her lungs out and didnt cooperate with the nursing staff. The available literature helps to correlate the clinical symptoms of the patient with her Down syndrome. Since, breathing is the process of exchanging gases through lungs and regulated by respiratory centres in brain, breathlessness can be correlated with patients of Down syndrome (Raven et al., 2007; Patton et al., 2009). Similarly, Atrioventricular Septal defect is a congenital heart deformity, strongly associated with and commonly found in individuals suffering from Down syndrome (Craig, 2006). Further, visual and auditory impairment and coeliac disease are frequent complaints in patient suffering with Down syndrome (Lott Dierssen, 2010; Shott, 2006; Figueroa et al., 2003). Her inappropriate speech and language characteristics and strange behaviour are also closely associated with Down syndrome (Martin et al., 2009). After admission, the attending nurse started the comprehensive assessment of vitals and ensured the respiration by using Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability Exposure (ABCDE) tool. Usually, ABCDE tool is used by physicians to handle emergency cases and it has been found to provide better results by allowing the doctors to concentrate on the most serious life-threatening health disorders (Wardrope Mackenzie, 2004). This approach provides an immediate evaluation and action plan for the health care workers and inspires them to offer efficient treatment along with buying precious time to make decisions on the final diagnosis and treatment plan during emergency cases (Dent Carey 2006). At the beginning of the assessment, the AVPU (Alert Response to Voice, Response to Pain and Unresponsiveness) scale was employed as a part of the review procedure to assess the level of consciousness of the patient. She was alert and responsive as she reacted well to the verbal cues and appropriate ly conveyed that she was in pain (Cormac, 2012). The next phase of protocol involved the evaluation of the respiratory functioning of the patient. The prime goal of this stage is to assess the risk of any life-threatening condition related to respiration. The patient was breathing very fast which was physically identified by the active rise and fall of her chest. Consequently, respiration rate of the patient was 30 breaths per minute (BPM) which indicates tachypnea (Bull, 2011). Abnormal respiration rate can be directly associated with pain, lung disease, pneumonia, anxiety or congestive heart failure (Spicer, 1984; Myers Pueschel, 1991; Bone et al., 1992; Ko et al., 2003; Bloemers et al., 2007). Further, the oxygen saturation level (SpO2) was measured with the pulse oximeter (Marcus et al., 1991), a non-invasive technique used to measure arterial saturation level with the help of a sensor. It measures the percentage of oxygen in the blood and its corresponding haemoglobin (De Villota et al., 1981). Anna's oxygen level was 91 %, which was below the normal range (95 to 100 %) (Marcus et al., 1991). Observation suggests that Anna was suffering from mild hypoxia which implies that there was an insufficient amount of oxygen in the blood. Hypoxia may lead to anxiety, chest infection and lung problems (Marteau et al., 1988; McDowell Craven, 2011). A non-breath face mask was provided to improve her oxygenation (Garcia et al., 2005). Now the nursing team should evaluate the pulse rate which is the second important vital as per the ABCDE protocol. Annas pulse rate was 80 BPM, which is slight faster than the homeostatic level (60 90 BPM). Heart rate faster than normal is suggestive of tachycardia which also implicate rise in blood pressure (BP) (Saenz, 1999). Further, the blood glucose level of Anna was taken as a part of the routine clinical assessment procedures. The blood glucose level was 4.8 mm/L, which falls within the normal range of 3.5 5.5 mm/l. So, the nursing team didnt add any interventions for blood glucose level management (Engelgau et al., 2000; Hill et al., 2011). As per ABCDE protocol, attending nurse opened the windows of the ward room for exposure assessment and treatment. Also, open environment helped to calm her and make her feel relaxed. Anna's body temperature was normal, and the nursing team didnt found any mark of body injuries. Further in the process, the weight of the patient was measured. Annas BMI was 35 which indicate that she is suffering from severe obesity, which can also cause gastrointestinal disorder in patients with Down syndrome. Anna was reported to be suffering from severe constipation which can lead to the development of agitation, rapid pulse, fever, confusion, dehydration and rapid breathing (Cohen, 2003; Holmes, 2014). Constipation as described earlier is not having enough bowel movements (less than three times a week) was also found to be associated with her coeliac disease (Bonamico et al., 2001). As per the National Early Warning Score (NEWS), Anna scored 7 and fell under a high-risk patient category (Hill, 2012). Nurses often employ the SBAR method for the exchange of significant information that calls for instant consideration with the medical practitioners to enhance the patient's safety and well-being (Boutilier, 2007). Primarily, nursing staff tried to deal with the anxiety levels of the patient. Anxiety is a type of feeling of uneasiness caused by any fear (May, 1996), which may originate from the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. Anxiety may induce complications like an increase in the rate of respiration and cardiovascular excitation (Davis, 1992). As per the ethical guidelines, each patient admitted to the hospital, frequently feels that they are in a safe place and deserve to receive rapid and efficient medical treatment (Armitage et al., 2007). That is why, the nursing staff was trying to assure and console Anna, with the motive of reducing her level of agitation and excitement (Webster, 1999; Jevon et al., 2012). Anxiety is a highly individualised condition which varies in both the physical and psychological response to the inner and external life events (Davis Thaut, 1989). The nursing staff should continuously inform Anna that they are attending to all of her requirements efficiently and without any interruption. It seemed to decrease her anxieties and help her to relax. It is often critical to keep the patients informed at all times since it permits the patient to be part of all the decisions about his or her treatment (Coulter et al., 2008; Vahdat et al., 2014). It is of utmost importance that the nursing team must persuade the nurses to stay calm, composed, gentle, comforting and offering support to the patient in overcoming their anxieties and fears (Brett et al., 2014). The presence of a nurse, their concerns regarding the patients health and other verbal and healing touch methods can assure the patient that they are not by themselves in the current situation. The healing touch technique may be the most constructive and functional nursing intervention available that can effectively decrease a patients anxiety. Accompanying the patient at all times, speak softly and clearly and facing the patient in an attempt to let them read the lips facilitate the better understanding (Hart et al., 2011; Richmond et al., 2012). The active involvement of the health care provider is essential in the nursing field as it facilitates the adherence of patients to the treatment plan resulting in the better outcomes (Armitage et al., 2007). During holistic care, the presence of an attendant is always an added advantage for medical team. In the present case, fortunately, Annas brother was able to present with the appropriate details which helped nurses to manage the condition of the patient. His presence provided a positive sense of protection and helped her to decrease the levels of anger and agitation which consequently improved the breathing. As per the protocol, nurses must exploit simple terminologies to make sure that the patient can understand completely, and nurse/patient dialogue will become meaningful (Bramhall, 2014; Kourkouta Papathanasiou, 2014). Effective communication is the spirit of all human interactions and without which individuals will not be able to communicate with the people around them or share their thoughts or concerns (Vertino, 2014). An effective interaction between the nurses and the patient requires an understanding of the patient and their experiences (McCabe, 2004). Nurses should espouse a body language that is friendly and non-threatening which can help in comforting the patient because it is crucial to have an agreement between the verbal and non-verbal communication in tense situations (Taylor, 1992; Kourkouta Papathanasiou, 2014). Nurses should permit or support the patient's personal expression of pain and discomfort since sometimes it would be helpful in reducing the anxiety by talking or expressing ones feelings (Iezzoni et al., 2006). Anna and similar high-risk patients need a serious attention and effective communication to ensure better outcomes (Morse, 1991). To control Anna's anxiety problem, nurses take up a compassionate stand by providing a socio-psychological support (Laschinger et al., 2005) and increasing the positive self-talk and reducing the negative self-talk in a conversation (Kendall et al., 1989; Ozbay et al., 2007). Doctors and nurses should attempt to build a relationship with the patient who is experiencing generalised anxiety disorder. The conversations with the patient must be carried out in a safe environment to ensure the confidentiality, privacy and dignity of a patient (Fisher et al., 2008). After releasing the anxiety, nursing staff take charge to relieve the respiratory exertion to manage the hypoxia. Anna was encountering breathlessness which usually occurs when the requirement for oxygen surpasses her assumed lung capacity. The increase in the pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood stream activates the respiratory centre in the brain to augments the rate and depth of breathing which ultimately cause dyspnoea. (Wood et al., 1977; Hunter, 2008). As per the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence 2007, when a patient admitted to the hospital show an increased rate of respiration of 30 BPM and an oxygen saturation of 92 %, it is treated as an emergency case (NIfHaC, 2007). The nurse must also tend to the breathlessness, which is a premature sign of acute illness (Armitage et al., 2007). To improve the breathing response, the nursing team employed an SBAR tool to raise concern (Pronk, 2008; Tews et al., 2012). Nurses changed the position of the pa tient by adjusting pillows to elevate her head and chest, so as to ensure the comparative easier breathing. The change in position has dual action as it permitted her chest walls to move and expand freely (Harris Crawford, 2008) and enhances oxygen distribution throughout the lungs which ultimately improves breathing in patients (Oksenberg et al., 2006). Evidence suggested that when a person is lying flat, he/she will experience difficulty in breathing. In that case, slight elevation of their head and chest from the surface has been employed to treat breathing difficulties. Furthermore, the individuals with breathing difficulties might be benefitted when they are sitting in a Semi-Fowlers position (30-degree elevation of the upper body) (Yeaw, 1992; Younes, 2003; Chung et al., 2008). So, this is one of the best ways of managing acute breathlessness (Dean, 1985). It is also crucial to know that the upright sitting position permits breathing without the over-bending of the stomach wh ich can confine the diaphragm (Moosavi Booth, 2011). Oxygen saturation below the 92% warrants the administration of oxygen therapy (Kallstrom, 2002). Oxygen therapy involves the use of supplemental oxygen which is frequently delivered directly to the lungs (Creed et al., 2010; Dougherty Lister, 2015). The nurses firstly need to administer 5-10 litres of oxygen by a face mask to attain the saturation of 94-98% (Bradley et al., 2008; Welham et al., 2010). It is a frequent management technique for the patients with acute breathlessness admitted to the hospital (Dougherty Lister, 2015). But, a large quantity of oxygen can cause nose bleed, drying of nasal passages and discomfort to the patients. Therefore, the use of humidified air helps to keep delicate tissues that line the nasal cavity moist. To achieve the required oxygen saturation and saturation range, the physicians must use appropriate equipment and the entire procedure must be recorded (ODriscoll et al., 2008). In the process, Annas oxygenation was done by a non-rebreather oxygen mask. Further, nurses encouraged her to drink cold fluids for recovering the hydration state and mobilize the secretions (Ross Alexander, 2001). The fan was turned on to decrease the body temperature which also helps to calm the patient (Kehl, 2004; Moosavi, Booth, 2011).On the contrary, a cannulation is an alternative option when patients are not able to take sufficient amount of food orally (Cole, 2008). If a patient cannot able to drink then, the nurse would introduce a cannula into her body to administer prescribed fluids. Any change in the vital signs of the patient should be recorded and treated. Nurses also explained all the procedures to Anna, to reduce her anxiety induced breathlessness. Nurses mediate the interactions between Anna and the respiratory physiotherapist who is helping her with breathing exercises. Anna was encouraged to lose weight to control her BMI. Respiratory functions are significantly affected by obesity (Ray et al., 1983). In addition to this, the residual capacity is decreased by the presence of adipose tissue around the chest wall (Salome et al., 2013). Further, nurses administered medications by using a nebuliser. The nebulizer mask vaporizes the liquid medication into fine vapour which is inhaled by the patient. It gives fast relief in patients with acute breathlessness (Hilliard Kenneth, 1996). An electrocardiogram (ECG) assessment of Anna was done to rule out any cardiac-pulmonary involvement. This article has emphasized on the requirement of a complete and efficient assessment plan for working with the patients suffering from acute breathing difficulties. It is of utmost importance to clearly understand the patient's vital signs as these data can influence in making the decision of diagnosis and treatment planning. The collection of the detailed medical history of the patient by nursing staff is an important aspect of diagnosis and designing the treatment protocol for the patient. On concluding remarks, we can say that the collective work of the patients family and the medical team is of foremost importance in making any treatment plan successful. References Armitage, M., Eddleston, J. and Stokes, T., 2007. Recognising and responding to acute illness in adults in hospital: summary of NICE guidance. British Medical Journal, 335(7613), pp. 258-259. Bloemers, B.L., van Furth, A.M., Weijerman, M.E., Gemke, R.J., Broers, C.J., Van den Ende, K., Kimpen, J.L., Strengers, J.L. and Bont, L.J., 2007. Down syndrome: a novel risk factor for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitisa prospective birth-cohort study. Pediatrics, 120(4), pp. e1076-e1081. Bonamico, M., Mariani, P., Danesi, H.M., Crisogianni, M., Failla, P., Gemme, G., Quartino, A.R., Giannotti, A., Castro, M., Balli, F. and Lecora, M., 2001. Prevalence and clinical picture of celiac disease in Italian Down syndrome patients: a multicenter study. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology Nutrition, 33(2), pp. 139-143. Bone, R.C., Balk, R.A., Cerra, F.B., Dellinger, R.P., Fein, A.M., Knaus, W.A., Schein, R.M. and Sibbald, W.J., 1992. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest Journal, 101(6), pp. 1644-1655. Booth, S., 2013. Science supporting the art of medicine: improving the management of breathlessness. Palliative Medicine, 27(6), pp. 483-485. Boutilier, S., 2007. Leaving critical care: facilitating a smooth transition. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 26(4), pp. 137-142. Bradley, B., Branley, H.M. and Egan, J.J., 2008. Guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients. Thorax, 63(5), pp. 1-58. Bramhall, E., 2014. Effective communication skills in nursing practice. Nursing Standard, 29(14), pp. 53-59. Brett, J., Staniszewska, S., Mockford, C., Herronà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Marx, S., Hughes, J., Tysall, C. and Suleman, R., 2014. Mapping the impact of patient and public involvement on health and social care research: a systematic review. Health Expectations, 17(5), pp. 637-650. Bull, M.J., 2011. Health supervision for children with Down syndrome. Pediatrics, 128(2), pp. 393-406. Chung, S.A., Yuan, H. and Chung, F., 2008. A systemic review of obstructive sleep apnea and its implications for anesthesiologists. Anesthesia Analgesia, 107(5), pp. 1543-1563. Cohen, W.I., 2003. Health care guidelines for individuals with Down Syndrome1999 revision. Down Syndrome, pp. 237. Cole, E., 2008. 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Anderson, ed. (1998). Mosbys medical dictionary : illustrated in full color throughout (5th revised ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 0815146310. Kevin T. Patton, Gary A. Thibodeau (2009). Anatomy Physiology (7 ed.). Mosby. ISBN 0-323-05532-X. Ko, S., Goldstein, D.H. and VanDenKerkhof, E.G., 2003. Definitions of respiratory depression with intrathecal morphine postoperative analgesia: a review of the literature. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 50(7), pp. 679-688. Kourkouta, L. and Papathanasiou, I.V., 2014. Communication in nursing practice. Materia Socio-medica, 26(1), pp. 65. Gary E. Martin, Jessica Klusek, Bruno Estigarribia and Joanne E. Roberts. 2009. Language Characteristics of Individuals with Down Syndrome. Topics in Lanugage Disorders. 29(2), pp. 112132. Laschinger, H.S., Hall, L.M., Pedersen, C. and Almost, J., 2005. A psychometric analysis of the patient satisfaction with nursing care quality questionnaire: an actionable approach to measuring patient satisfaction. 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The Cambridge Breathlessness Manual. Morse, J.M., 1991. Negotiating commitment and involvement in the nurse - patient relationship. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16(4), pp. 455-468. Myers, B.A. and Pueschel, S.M., 1991. Psychiatric disorders in persons with Down syndrome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179(10), pp. 609-613. NIfHaC, E., 2007. NICE clinical guideline 50 Acutely ill patients in hospital: recognition of and response to acute illness in adults in hospital. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. ODriscoll, B.R., Howard, L.S. and Davison, A.G., British Thoracic Society (2008) BTS guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients. Thorax, 63, pp. 1-73. Oksenberg, A., Silverberg, D., Offenbach, D. and Arons, E., 2006. Positional Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients: A 6-Month Follow-Up Study. The Laryngoscope, 116(11), pp. 1995-2000. Ozbay, F., Johnson, D.C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan, C.A., Charney, D. and Southwick, S., 2007. 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The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde Essay Example

The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde Essay On the excerpt analyzed, Basil Hallways paid Dorian visit to see why he had changed so much. Dorian leads Basil upstairs to where the portrait lies. Before murdered, upon seeing the portrait, Basil made a direct reference from the bible by saying your sins be as scarlet, yet I will make them as white as snow also a simile, meaning that he could reverse the damage done on the portrait. After Basil analyzed the portrait and criticized it, Dorian had this epiphany and was overcome with a strong hate awards Basil. With the use words like mad, loathed, hatred, which evoke a negative diction and somber tone, you can foreshadow that Dorian plans to do something not so pleasant with Basil. The theme of sanity versus insanity was displayed when Dorian stabbed Basil repeatedly and kills him. Dorian had become insane and does not know right from wrong. In Oscar Wilds The Picture of Dorian Gray, Dorian is a dynamic character that was influenced to believe that he could do anything and not e punished because of his beauty. After killing Basil, Dorian referred to his body as the thing. The symbolism being that is, Dorian no longer thinks of basil as human being, the imagery was used in the description how basil was killed and help envision the state he was left In, both adding to Doormans characterization. Dorian was driven by the mad passions of an animal, him being an animal himself. When describing how Basil was left leaning over the table with dripping blood, a lot of mommas were used for the reader to pause and draw emphasis on what Is being said. We will write a custom essay sample on The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Dorian Gray has gone Insane and became strongly Influence by Lord Henry. Decision-making became solely based on the outcome of the portrait, and since the portrait would hold the burden of all his sins Dorian feels he has the freedom to do anything he wants. Dorian has become an evil, cruel person with no feelings that switched sanity for Insanity having no conscience control over his actions.