Thursday, August 27, 2020

The Deep Vein Thrombosis Health And Social Care Essay

The Deep Vein Thrombosis Health And Social Care Essay What is Deep Vein Thrombosis or notable as DVT. Did you at any point found out about blood cluster? A condition which a blood coagulation clots shapes in a vein is known as venous apoplexy. Blood move through the vein can be constrained by the blood coagulation, bringing about growing and agony. Most ordinarily happens in the profound vein in the legs, thigh or pelvis however it can even now happen somewhere else in the body (Pai and Douketis, 2012). The bigger veins that experience the muscles of the calf and thigh are profound leg veins. They are not the veins that we can see just underneath our skins, nor are equivalent to varicose vein. Profound Vein Thrombosis is generally regular in grown-ups over age 60 yet it can occur at any age also. DVT as a rule can cause embolism when a section or the entirety of the blood coagulation in the vein severs from the site where it is framed and travel along the venous framework. DVT can prompt enduring issue. It can harm the vein and cause th e leg to expert, swell, change shading and leg wounds after years. What cause profound vein clusters to frame? Blood cluster can frame in veins when you are dormant. For moment, clumps can shape in the event that you are deadened or sit while on a long excursion. Medical procedure, injury and disease likewise can harm your vein and lead to blood cluster. On the off chance that DVT stay in the legs it can cause a couple of difficulties including phlebitis and leg ulcer likewise can prompt pneumonic embolism. Phlebitis is a condition which blood clumps with aggravation in shallow vein was once in a while cause major issue however in the event that blood coagulation in profound veins happen require moment consideration since it can prompt embolism. Profound Vein Thrombosis can cause the blood stream in the vein is mostly or totally obstructed by the blood coagulation. The normal site for DVT is in calf vein and a thigh vein is less regularly influenced while DVT is infrequently occur in other profound veins. There are scarcely any elective names for DVT, for example, thromboembolism, post-phlebitic condition or post-thrombotic disorder. A pneumonic embolism is a hazardous inconvenience and significant distance flights may add to the danger of DVT or otherwise called economy-class disorder. Coronary illness, being overweight or fat, cigarette smoking, pregnancy, family ancestry of DVT or late medical procedure or injury additionally can lead for DVT to occur. A DVT is regularly only a one-of occasion after a significant activity has been finished. Be that as it may, a few people who build up a DVT have a progressing danger of a further DVT. On the off chance that have a blood coagulating issue or proceeded with fixed status, at that point everyone are encouraged to look for a clinical consideration or take anticoagulation, for example, heparin infusion (after which they are recommended warfarin) to stay away from further inconvenience. Writing REVIEW 2.1 Histopathology Histopathology alludes to the tiny assessment of tissue so as to contemplate the signs of ailment. Assessment of a biopsy or careful example by pathologist, after the example has been prepared and histological segments have been places onto glass slides likewise can well portray about the histopathology. With respect to DVT, its histopathology is very perplexing to comprehend. Differential demonstrative contemplations before thrombolytic treatment and medical procedure ought to incorporate tumors. Complete analysis can be accomplished by a biopsy however CT and MRI likewise get a significant job diagnosing DVT. In any case, CT and MRI simply such a waste when the sickness is at a propelled stage in light of the fact that any of these assessments ought to be done in the beginning period of ailment. In light of Phlebol (2006), soleal vein was the most continuous site of DVT. From the start, essential thrombi would be shaped at soleal veins, at that point its will engender to proximal veins. The proximal veins would be blocked by new thrombi, from that point auxiliary thrombi were made at non-waste calf veins. Paterson and McLachlin found that most venous thrombi comprised of two districts. One of it is made overwhelmingly out of fibrin and caught erythrocyte while the other one are created for the most part by totaled platelets. The fibrin-rich areas that connected the thrombi to the vessel divider, while the platelet-rich districts limited further from the site of connection. These show that initiation of coagulation framework precede platelet enactment and assortment during the development of venous thrombi (Lopez et al, n.d). In light of that data, we realize that the utilization of enemies of platelets tranquilize in venous apoplexy is extremely constrained. Histopathology proof in DVT shows that coagulation happens on or closer to the endothelial surface. At the point when coagulation begins the endothelial surface, platelets might be pulled together to the fibrin coagulation wealthy in thrombin through cement connections and it will result to advance clots development. In light of everything that expressed above, we can say that the platelet assortment confine to districts of the coagulation that are far away from its site of connection and hostile to platelet medications, for example, anti-inflamatory medicine has demonstrate that it can diminish the danger of DVT in our valuable life. 2.2 Causes and Risk Factors Profound Vein Thrombosis happens when a blood coagulations frames in a profound vein in our body. DVT consistently occur in the legs yet it can in any case occur in your arms, chest, or different territories of your body. The blood coagulation can obstruct our dissemination or cabin in a vein in our lungs, heart, or other piece of our body and can cause serious organ harm and can prompt passing. This point will uncover about each cause and hazard factors that can prompt DVT. There are numerous causes and danger of DVT. A portion of that are: An individual will have DVT when a vein㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s internal coating is harmed. There are numerous elements that can prompt this injury. For moment it tends to be cause by physical, concoction, or organic components. Furthermore, medical procedure, genuine wounds, aggravation and resistant reactions likewise can be the causes to it. DVT can likewise happen when the blood stream is languid or moderate. Idleness or absence of movement can cause lazy or moderate blood stream. This condition consistently happens after the medical procedure, bed rest for a significant stretch and having a long excursion that take quite a while. A condition which blood is thicker or more probable will in general clump than ordinary (thrombophilia) additionally can result in DVT. This is because of acquired condition, for example, V Leiden factor that expansion the danger of blood coagulating. Aside from that, hormone treatment or conception prevention pills additionally can build the danger of blood cluster. The preventative pill and hormone substitution treatment (HRT) has little expanded danger of DVT since the estrogen in it can make the blood coagulation marginally more without any problem. Individuals with malignant growth or cardiovascular breakdown can likewise expand the hazard for DVT. Generally, examination searching for the reason for DVT may demonstrate disease to be the basic reason. More established individuals over the age 60 years additionally prone to have DVT especially on the off chance that they have poor versatility or having a genuine sickness that can stop them to do a great deal of activity. Pregnancy likewise expanded the hazard for DVT to occur. Regularly, inside half year after they conceive an offspring or while they are pregnant. Lack of hydration will build the odds for DVT on the grounds that the blood turns out to be progressively clingy an at risk to cluster. As a male, precautionary measure ought to be taken in light of the fact that men will in general build up a DVT more frequently than ladies. Being a large individual likewise can prompt DVT. There are numerous causes and danger of DVT that we are ignorant of it for the certain time.DVT can happen anyplace in our body part and furthermore can assault everyone in various ages however more seasoned individuals are increasingly powerless against it. The most hazardous patient to have DVT is in the wake of having a medical procedure on the grounds that the blood can without much of a stretch coagulation in the event that it not minded in a decent manners. Need dynamic people likewise are in a high danger of DVT since it will make the blood stream gradually and effectively to clump. DVT additionally can be acquired and wrong pill consumption likewise can result in DVT. In simple word, there are numerous causes and dangers that can prompt DVT and each resident around this world should play it safe to keep away from DVT. 2.3 Incidence and Comparison There are numerous individuals around this world that have experience DVT. Around 2 million Americans have encountered DVT every year without they are acknowledging it. In light of Convenient choice for DVT (2012), the specific rate of DVT is as yet obscure in Malaysia yet there is developing proof that DVT isn't remarkable in Asians. In view of examination contemplates, emergency clinic reviews of admission to significant medical clinics and furthermore subclinical DVT in high hazard circumstances, for example, after significant joint medical procedures show that there is augmentation of the rate. As per Prof Hatem Salem, Head of Department, Australian Center for Blood Diseases, there is grave misguided judgment that DVT is uncommon in Asians since he discovers that Asians also are in danger of DVT (Convenient alternative for DVT, 2012). Generally, DVT occur after post-medical procedures and a couple of reports have showed up with high frequency of DVT in orthopedic patients tantamo unt to Western examination. Dhillon, Askander and Doraisamy (1996) propose that the current act of retaining routine prophylaxis against thromboembolism in Asian patients experiencing high-chance orthopedic system ought to be reexamined. In Western nations, DVT happens in 45% to 84% of patients after hip and knee medical procedure without prophylaxis (Stulberg et al, 1984) however there is a firm conviction that the entanglements is very uncommon in Asian patients. Absence of mindfulness in Asia of a condition that become one of the fundamental executioner factors in West is because of the confidence that thromboembolic ailment is uncommon in Asia. Since DVT consistently have been connected with post-usable so every patient that have experiences medical procedure should take a decent consideration of their wellbeing to stay away from DVT. Notwithstanding, there are scarcely any suppositions that expressed DVT is uncommon in Asians and the principal report was made by Tinckler in 1964 expressed that there is uncommonness of post-usable DVT and aspiratory embolism in Asians (Tun et al, 2004). An examination that has been made in a couple of Asians nation like Malaysia, Hong Kong and Japan additionally show that there i s low

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Superior's balance sheet Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Predominant's monetary record Report - Essay Example The working capitals for Superior Living for the three years are registered as follows: The above computations unmistakably features that Superior Living has had a consistent working capital which is sufficiently higher than the present liabilities of the organization. Notwithstanding, if the organization targets going into more current tasks and ventures, the organization would require to have a higher working capital. The apportion of the present resources and current liabilities is alluded to current proportion. The present proportion features the liquidity position of the firm and this likewise features the capacity of the firm to cover the present liabilities with the assistance of the present resources. The proportion between the prepared money resources and the present liabilities is alluded to as the snappy proportion. This is determined as present resources †inventories †prepaid costs. The liquidity proportions for Superior Living are registered as follows: Prevalent Living’s proportion has been at a consistent around 2 for the three years. This is a solid sign of good liquidity inside the organization. It is intriguing to take note of that the inventories structure a huge segment of the present resources and they can't be promptly melted. The perfect speedy proportion is 1:1 anyway the organization has a much lower proportion and records to 0.55. This features the way that the momentary money needs and dissolvability of the organization can be difficult to meet (Burks and Wilks, 2007). Thus the organization needs to improve the money resources. Predominant living’s momentary obligations and long haul obligations are as in the table beneath. Momentary obligations alludes to the ones which are expected inside a year which the drawn out obligations alludes to the ones due in over one year (Samuels et al, 2000). Predominant features a low outfitting proportion and is as low as 2% - 3% for the three years. It is fundamental to take note of that notwithstanding the expansion in the drawn out obligation, there is no clear change in the obligation value proportion. The organization isn't using its getting capacities as an ideal equipping

Friday, August 21, 2020

The Ways Family Members May Be Enabling an Alcoholic

The Ways Family Members May Be Enabling an Alcoholic Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Print The Ways Family Members May Be Enabling an Alcoholic Games Alcoholic Families Play By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on May 24, 2018 Sometimes Scolding Can Actually Be Enabling. © Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use As the saying goes, you are not the cause of someone elses drinking problem, you cannot cure it and you cant control it. But there are ways that you may be contributing to the problem. Before placing the blame for all the problems in your family or your relationship on his (or her) drinking, it might be wise to examine how the other persons drinking may have affected you, and how you have reacted to it. For example, does the following statement sound familiar? I dont have a problem with my drinking! The only problem is your attitude. If you would quit complaining about it, there wouldnt be a problem! Well, obviously that statement is not completely accurate; after all denial of the problem is one of the more frustrating facets of alcoholism and addiction. On the other hand, the statement may not be completely false either. How do you react to the alcoholics drinking? Could your reaction be a part of the overall problem? Have you fallen into role-playing in the family? Is there anything that you can do to improve the situation? The following describes an incident that could be an example of alcoholic behavior and some examples of reactions to the incident. Does any of these sound familiar? The alcoholic comes home late and he is drunk, too drunk in fact to get the key into the front door lock. After several futile attempts, he decides that it is a lost cause. Since he does not want anyone in the house to know that he is too drunk to unlock his own door, he makes a brilliant decision that solves his problem. He goes to sleep in the front yard! How would you react? The Rescuer The rescuer doesnt let the incident become a problem. Since she has been waiting up for him anyway, she goes out in the yard, gets the alcoholic up, cleans him up, and puts him to bed. That way the neighbors never see him passed out in the flower bed! She never mentions the incident to him or anybody else. If anyone else mentions it, she denies there is a problem. She lies for him, covers up for his mistakes, and protects him from the world. As the problems increase and his drinking gets worse, she takes on responsibilities that were once his. She may get a job or work extra hours to pay the bills. And if he gets in trouble with the law, she will move heaven and earth to come up with his bail. The Provoker The provoker reacts by punishing the alcoholic for his actions. She either waits for him to wake up the next morning and gives it to him with both barrels, or she goes out and turns the water sprinklers on! She scolds, ridicules, and belittles. She nags. She screams insults at him loud enough for everyone to hear. She gets on the telephone and tells all her friends hes a loser. She is angry and she makes sure that the alcoholic and everybody else knows it. Or she gives him the cold shoulder and doesnt speak to him. She threatens to leave. She doesnt let it go, either. The anger and resentment continue to build as these incidents become more frequent. She never lets him forget his transgressions. She holds it against him and uses it as a weapon in future arguments -- even months or years later. The Martyr The martyr is ashamed of the alcoholics behavior and she lets him know it by her actions or words. She cries and tells him, Youve embarrassed us again in front of the whole neighborhood! She sulks, pouts, and isolates. She gets on the telephone with her friends and tearfully describes the misery that he has caused her this time! Or she is so ashamed of it she avoids her friends and any mention of the incident. Slowly she becomes more withdrawn and depressed. She may not say much about it to the alcoholic, but she lets him know with her actions that she is ashamed of him. Quietly she tries to make him feel guilty for his behavior. The Enabler The above examples may be somewhat of an exaggeration, but then again they may be very typical of what goes on in an alcoholic home. The role the nonalcoholic spouse plays in the family may not be as well defined, as they are outlined here. Depending upon the circumstances, the spouse may fall into one of these roles or may switch back and forth between them all. So which of the spouses described above is an enabler? Which one is actually helping the alcoholic progress in his disease? Which one, although they are trying to make things better, are actually contributing to the problem? All of them. Find out how each of these reactions to the alcoholics problem is enabling and learn how to respond to the latest episode without becoming a part of the problem. This quiz can help you understand how your behavior is enabling an alcoholic friend or family member.

Monday, May 25, 2020

Benefactors In Great Expectations - 1164 Words

Benefactors In the British classic Great Expectations, Charles Dickens uses a pair of benefactors who greatly contrast each other to represent the dual social mindsets of society. Elusive convict Abel Magwitch appears hostile to readers in the beginning of the story, but he later reveals himself as a selfless laborer, working vigorously to finance young Pip’s journey into becoming a gentleman. In contrast, Miss Havisham is a venerable old woman who was jilted on her wedding day and raises her adopted daughter to break the heart of adolescent Pip using her beauty. Dickens uses both of these wealthy donors to display different aspects of morality, life experiences, and individual personality. While Magwitch and Miss Havisham may both seem†¦show more content†¦Miss Havisham also displays some gratitude towards Pip during his visits, saying, â€Å"Thank you. Thank you [for coming]† most times he arrives a the Satis house. However, while Miss Havisham may have truly been grateful for Pip’s presence occasionally, most of these greetings are suggested to not be sincere. This lack of sincerity proves that Miss Havisham thinks she is socially above Pip and confirms the fact that she is unappreciative and her morals are corrupted. Magwitch’s good morals prove to lead him to a satisfying life while even though Miss Havisham starts to show signs of reformation near her demise, her morally defunct lifestyle causes her to die heartbroken, regretful, and lonely. The second way the benefactors differ is through there past life experiences. Because Magwitch was â€Å"In jail and out of jail† all his life, he learned to make the most of life and not dwell on things of the past (295). Doing this made him a successful businessman and also strengthened his character. Contradicting to this, Miss Havisham secludes herself from the world after her fiancà © â€Å"most heartlessly broke the marriage off† on their wedding day (153). Dwelling on this event for the rest of her life, Miss Havisham loses the determination to do anything but make Pip’s life miserable. She accomplishes this by pushing Pip to pursue Estella, saying â€Å"If she favors you, love her. If she wounds you, love her. If she tears your heart to pieces,—andShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations Good And Evil Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagessome people are purely good and evil, other fall in between. In Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, characters moral s easily fall on a spectrum. Great Expectations tells the story of a boy named Pip who grows up in a bleak village, experiences high society via an eccentric Miss Havisham, acquiesces to great expectations from an anonymous benefactor, and becomes a gentleman via those expectations. The characters of Great Expectations, when their entire character arc is considered, easily fall ontoRead MoreEssay on Great Expectations by Charles Dickens698 Words   |  3 PagesThe novel, Great Expectations, looks back upon a period of pre-Victorian development. It displays that ambition and self-improvement is something many aspire for but more often than not ambition can create problems for one and cause one to commit things that one never thought they would. Whereas, those who are not ambitious because they were born to a wealthy family do acts of malice knowing it but realizing that what they really wanted was indeed not what they wanted but were blinded by maliceRead More How the Views of Mag witch Change through the Course of the Novel734 Words   |  3 PagesHow the Views of Magwitch Change through the Course of the Novel Great Expectations is about a boy called Pip, who has Great Expectations and doesnt want to be poor all his life. Along his way, a lot of strange things happen to him, such as meeting strange people and getting money off unknown people. Great Expectations was wrote in 1860 and was Dickens thirteenth novel. This essay will be about how our views on Magwitch change through the story, such as at the beginning us thinkingRead MoreEssay Pips Great Expectations894 Words   |  4 Pages In the novel, â€Å"Great Expectations† by Charles Dickens, the main character Philip Pirrip, who is known as â€Å"Pip† throughout the novel, has a series of great expectations that he goes through. The title of the novel, as many other great book titles, comes with various meanings that are present in the story. In the literal sense Pip’s â€Å"great expectations† refer to the 19th century meaning, which involve receiving a large inheritance. Meanwhile, on a deeper level Pip sets goals that he hopes to accomplishRead MoreThe Relationship Between Pip and Abel Magwitch in Charles Dickens Great Expectations1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe Relationship Between Pip and Abel Magwitch in Charles Dickens Great Expectations In this essay, I am to observe the changes in the relationship between Pip and the convict AbelRead MoreEssay on The Theme of Imprisonment in Great Expectations1056 Words   |  5 PagesThe Theme of Imprisonment in Great Expectations      Ã‚  Ã‚   The renowned poet, Richard Lovelace, once wrote that Stone walls do not a prison make, nor iron bars a cage. Although many think of a prison as a physical building or a jailhouse, it can also be a state of mind. A great number of people are imprisoned mentally and emotionally. Charles Dickens expresses this message in his eminent novel, Great Expectations. This book is about a simple laboring boy who grew into a gentleman, and slowlyRead MoreCase Manchester United Fc Exploring Strategy1384 Words   |  6 Pagesadopted by MUFC and how these might lead to different expectations. Stakeholder expectation is the third influence on the purpose and strategy of an organization. Thats a challenge because there are likely to be many stakeholders, with different expectations. Therefore, managers need to take a view on: 1. which stakeholders will have the greatest influence; 2. which expectations they need to pay the most attention to 3. to what extent the expectations and influence of different stakeholders vary (JohnsonRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1103 Words   |  5 PagesDickens’s Great Expectations is a bildungsroman that shows the youth, corruption and redemption of a young man named Pip. The boy begins as an innocent child until he comes into contact with a young lady, Estella, and some sudden wealth. As a young man, he strives to be a gentleman and live up to his great expectations, as well as to woo Estella. Finally, Pip becomes a gentleman after accepting his mistakes and coming to terms with his surrounding company. Overall, Pip unde rgoes great changes fromRead More The Theme of Expectations in Charles Dickens Great Expectations 1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe Theme of Expectations in Charles Dickens Great Expectations      Ã‚   In Great Expectations, the main theme is the theme of expectations. Dickens illustrates this theme through the character of Pip, by exploring the idea of ambition and self-improvement. The idea of expectations is the psychological mechanism that encourages Pips development, as he is full of ambition and has Great Expectations about his future. Pips expectations in the novel take three forms: social, moral andRead MoreGreat Expectations - Literary Analysis1674 Words   |  7 PagesAn Evaluation of Pip, and His Great Expectations In the year 1860, author Charles Dicken’s began his thirteenth novel, Great Expectations. The work is a coming-of-age novel, which tells the life story of an orphan boy named Pip, who much like Dickens’ in his earlier years is unhappy with his current life. A number of Charles Dickens’ personal life events are mirrored in the novel, leaving Great Expectations to be one of his most autobiographical works. Young Pip, the protagonist

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Improving Your Management Human Resources - 1405 Words

Improve your management Human Resources At the current stage of development of mankind in the field of management, organizations are subject to challenges, challenges and pressures to which they must respond with a high degree of creativity and realism. The main challenges are given by the dynamics of the application of scientific-technical, the rapid emergence and acceptance of new products, increasing restrictions on Human Resources, material and financial resources, more aggressive and dynamic internationally markets, gains the growth of social demands and the revolution in information and communications. After these significant socioeconomic changes modern enterprises increasingly recognize the significance agree that owns the human†¦show more content†¦The information entered in a module will immediately affect all other modules in the system, contrary: should not be allowed to modify, add or delete information that negatively affects other modules. For example, selecti ng a bidder in the recruitment and selection module should have the effect of generating action automatically included in the module Personal formalities, and a new candidate for preregistration induction course module Training and Development. Or a justified dismissal must be taken into account by the module Recruitment and Selection for not re-sign him. In addition, the relevant data from all modules should be available to others. True integration avoids duplication of data, reduces and simplifies procedures, reduces the possibility of errors, avoid wasting paper and enhances the activity of human resource management. 2. A good system of management of human resources must be flexible. Flexibility is one of the main problems of current systems HRM. That is why the XXI century systems should be as possible parametric: The system must allow end users are those that modify everything is subject to change without specialist personnel. For example, according to a salary negotiation, a new salary plus affecting officers who are computer stations, the bonus is a percentage of the sum for the category of basic pay and seniority is defined. The system should allow other officials Pay Research Bureau who include this

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

What Are Database Management - 1901 Words

What is Database Management In the new age of business it has become a must to keep up with its always-upgraded systems and technology. If a Business has useful information about the needs of clients within its market, it can design a better way of marketing its product and earn a larger market share. If a business knows what their competition is doing, the business can then develop a strategy around its competitors to meet or better their competitors, which helps that business with the information on its competitor gain a competitive advantage. If that business has the inside information about its current customers, it can help that company build a personal relationship with it customers and influence their perception of the company and†¦show more content†¦At this point the data should be reliable and have little to no mistakes within it and as like everything else in business there is a deadline for when the data should be distributed. Continuously improving data accuracy can increase the trust of a business. This can be done by identifying and outliers of data that seems a bit off, and continuously cleansing and monitoring quality over time no matter how big and what format the file is in. ETL (extract transform load) tools can help de dupe, validate, standardized things such as addresses and company name, and enrich your data. By doing these things it helps you create clean high quality data for your own use or to sell. External references are used to do all this data hygiene to perform things like cleaning up postal records or even having the right business name. The data at the end of the process should not only be reliable but should fit the client’s needs and the needs of the data users such as data engineers. This data typically has ID’s associated with it to make it easier to manipulate and allow for other engineer’s easy use with such data in specific tools such as red point an ETL (Extract Transform Load) Acquiring the Data After planning on what data is needed a company must come up with a method of acquiring the data. Collecting new data, converting or transforming data that

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Frozen and Pacific Oceans Management †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Frozen and Pacific Oceans Management. Answer: Introduction: In this article it is stated how fur trade was one of the primary commercial activities throughout the world in the 17th to mid-19th Century. The trade began as the need of fur products were increasing in Canada and the beaver fur was in high demand for its quality and durability. Thus developed a trade relationship between the North Americans and the Europeans, which even moved beyond just only trade. the intensely competitive trade opened the continent to exploration and settlement, financed missionary work, established social, economic and colonial relationships between Europeans andIndigenous people, and played a formative role in the creation of Canada.[1] Thus the fur trade had an important role in the formation of Canada. The women had been the essential part of the labor strength. This work is exemplary in terms getting a firsthand experience about what it was to participate in the fur trade across the continents through the oceans. The oceans were cold and the voyage was not a very easy one. The author gives detailed account of the nature of fur trade and how it was carried out across the coast in his books. Women took several important roles in the whole system. Native women acted as essential producers in the fur trade of the Canadian and American Plains.[2] The production had been mainly dependent on the women labor. The women also played important role in the ships which carried out the whole business. This article focuses on four Native women who were Christian converts and married French fur traders.[3] Therefore, there was a role of religion and politics in the fur trade scenario as well. The foreign invaders were coming and not only colonializing America but also converting the women and marrying them. The wives of the French fur traders took important role in the trading activities. The indigenous communities were changed forever by the introduction of trade and religious conversion. In essence the history of the early Canadian West is the history of fur trade.[4] The author has stated fur trade was the most important factor in structuring the narrative of what are the four western provinces of Canada today. There was less violence in the western Canada in the struggle of the colonials and the natives, this is because the both communities had to depend on each other for managing the fur trade. The women who were native Indians, were married to the French colonialists. This created a relationship that was beyond just trading activities. The women hence were a factor who bridged the gap between the colonial foreigners and the native Indians. Possibly the greatest significant native job achieved by the females at the fur trade stakes was to deliver the men with a stable resource of Indian shoes or moccasins. The author has contemplated upon the role of the Indian, White, and mixed blood women played in the development of the fur trade and thus gained valuable insights upon the human dimension and its changes affected by the fur trade. The fur trade was carried out both in the land routes and the sea routes, however the sea route of the trade was more established. The women had been in many areas decision makers about the fur trade activities. The authors have explained that the primary way in which information about the role of women in fur trade can be derived are from traders journals, letters and wills. of fur-merchandise exchanges between European men and native men, with women playing a largely subsidiary role.[5] The title of the article has a humorous way of describing how the women of the North American continent had been engrossed in the fur trade activity that they were married to the beavers. The article describes the pattern of life of the indigenous Indian women had before the coming of the Europeans and the contemporary life when the Europeans started pouring into America, started religious conversions and engaging the native people into the trading activities. The women were used as cheap labor pool, and they were utilized to work manually in extracting the fur, and processing those. This is one of many letters that Charlevoix wrote to a correspondent at Paris to try to convey what the New World was like. He was refined and well-educated, and his letters are marked by charm, grace and humor. He went on to write a multi-volume history of New France based on interviews with traders and priests and on unpublished records, which remains one of our best historical sources on early Wisconsin. This particular letter gives us clear insights about the activities going on in the North American scenario and describes the native peoples role in the fur trade, and description of the fur trade. The women were used as laborers and the steps of fur processing included peeling, tanning, cleaning and sorting all of which were labor intensive jobs that required lots of patience. The letter has a lots of details about the fur industry and about various processes it included. The letter talks in details about the North American Indians and Aboriginals, these people were mostly used for the purpose of the trading activities. The women of Aboriginal origin were the connection between the old systems with the new systems that were to be introduced. The women also provided the necessary knowledge about the land, and the directed the traders to the necessary resources. Children of native tribes were sent to Eastern areas of Canada and in Europe for education. They not only engaged in fur tra de but also became the middlemen who assisted the missionaries and the preachers to preach the teachings of the Catholicism of Roman Catholic Church in the land. Not only the aboriginal women but also the European women who had been accompanying their husbands also had taken part in various trade activities. A few French wives may have ventured west with their trapper husbands, and some Hudson's Bay Company officials brought their wives from Europe. [7] The above study of various literatures, articles, books, journals, and other sources have given a clear knowledge about where were the various scenarios of trade in North America and Europe that had allowed intercontinental and overseas trade activities, and it has also given a clear indication about the role of women in the fur trade activities. The women played a very important role in not only providing manual, labor but also providing necessary managerial skills, the managerial activities were mainly performed by the wives of the European traders who accompanied them when they visited the North American land. In the land trade, the Indian women had been assisting the traders with their knowledge about locations, and then providing manual labors to help the traders in processing their products. The European women who had accompanied their husbands had helped in various decision making processes and other managerial works required to perform the fur trade activities across the continents nicely. In the land trade, the Indian women had been assisting the traders with their knowledge about locations, and then providing manual labors to help the traders in processing their products. The European women who had accompanied their husbands had helped in various decision making processes and other managerial works required to perform the fur trade activities across the continents nicely. The fur trade in itself was a very important factor in the development of Canada as a country. It had shaped the history of the Canadian nation, as people from the European countries who were mainly traders were settling down in the Canadian area. The trade activity was carried out often from Montreal and through the Pacific. Reference: Canadahistoryproject.ca. "Canada A Country By Consent: New France: Fur Trade 1500S-1700S".Canadahistoryproject.Ca. https://www.canadahistoryproject.ca/1663/1663-05-fur-trade.html, (2018). Mackenzie, Alexander.Voyages from Montreal, on the River St. Laurence, Through the Continent of North America, to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans; in the Years 1789 and 1793: With a Preliminary Account of the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the Fur Trade of that Country.: Illustrated with Maps. T. Cadell, Jun. and W. Davies... Cobbett and Morgan... and W. Creech, at Edinburgh, (1801). Sleeper-Smith, Susan. "Women, kin, and Catholicism: new perspectives on the fur trade."Ethnohistory47, no. 2 (2000): 423-452. Van Kirk, Sylvia. "The role of native women in the fur trade society of western Canada, 1670-1830."Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies(1984): 9-13. Van Kirk, Sylvia.Many tender ties: women in fur-trade society, 1670-1870. University of Oklahoma Press, (1983). White, Bruce M. "The woman who married a beaver: trade patterns and gender roles in the Ojibwa fur trade."Ethnohistory(1999): 109-147. Wisconsinhistory.org. "Letter Charlevoix, Pierre Franois Xavier De [On His 1721 Visit To Wisconsin] | Turning Points In Wisconsin History | Wisconsin Historical Society".Wisconsinhistory.Org. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/search.asp?id=17. (2018)

Monday, April 6, 2020

Debate of Abortion

Table of Contents Introduction Body of the Essay Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Abortion is defined as the termination of the life of a fetus while still in the mother’s womb. The practice is not a new phenomenon in human life since many contemporary societies engaged in it in the past. Women have been in record for making decisions to carry out abortions or experiencing it under the influence of other individuals for a long period of time. In modern society, it is a controversial and hard subject to deal with.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Debate of Abortion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Questions have been raised about who is most responsible in making the decision of procuring an abortion. Some people say that it is individuals who make the decision to carry out an abortion while others argue that it is the state. There are also questions regarding the circumstances that may lead to the pr ocurement of an abortion. The practice continues to take place in developing countries under medical conditions that have been described as demanding. However, the increase in technological advancements and changes in social set ups has led to the incorporation of abortion in modern health provisions. The practice has also been a source of political debate in some communities leading to lack of agreement on the place of a woman in the society and the freedom of an individual to make decisions without influence (Free dictionary 1). Abortion should be discouraged because it denies innocent children a chance to live. Body of the Essay It is shocking that approximately forty two million abortions are procured in a year with more than one hundred thousand taking place every day (Edlin Golanty 176). Perhaps if people all over the world thought of these numbers in terms of the innocent lives lost they will change their perception and attitudes towards abortion. Another shocking reality ab out abortion is that most of the abortion cases take place in developing countries as opposed to developed countries. This may be explained by the challenges people in developing countries face and the fact that people in these countries live poverty. It therefore follows that raising up a child without proper resources may be a big burden. There are thousands of women who have no children after having struggled for many years to get them. The puzzling question then remains why a woman who gets pregnant should decide of procuring an abortion. This is a question whose answer has remained elusive for a long period of time. As if this is not enough, myriads of cases of women who die performing abortion are recorded every year. Despite these facts about abortion, women continue to engage in the act. This clearly indicates that there are intricate issues related to abortion that require investigation. To begin with, the criterion used by many to determine the legality and morality of abo rtion depends on their views on whether life for the fetus begins right after conception or is achieved at some point as the fetus develops (Edlin Golanty, 210).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Majority of those who oppose abortion on moral grounds argue that the fetus is either human or has the potential of becoming a human being hence it should not be deprived of life. Killing the fetus is therefore tantamount to committing murder which is unacceptable in all realms and under whatever circumstances. Life begins at conception since the fetus has all the characteristics of a living being. It has a heart, it breathes, and it feeds and does every other thing that a human being does. If the argument was that a fetus gains life later in life, then it would mean that a child is born lifeless and acquires life later which is not the case. This makes the fetus have all the rights tha t fully grown human beings have and nobody should have the privilege of taking its life. Secondly, some women use many unjustified debates on abortion to continue with the practice but no debate is justified enough to defend abortion. Any woman who engages in activities that will result in pregnancy should be ready to take responsibility for her actions and take care of the un-born baby till birth. Procuring an abortion is an indication that a woman is not ready to take responsibility for their own actions. Some women advance unjustified reasons in an attempt to justify carrying out abortion. For example, some of them say that they are young or they are not in stable relationships. Any woman who engages in sexual activities is aware of the possibilities of getting pregnant. Being young should give a woman all reasons to be morally responsible and avoid irresponsible sexual behavior rather than using age as an excuse to carry out abortion. Similarly, if a woman is in an unstable rela tionship, this should be a guiding principle that personal responsibility is of great value. Getting pregnant should be taken seriously because there are thousands of women who cannot bear children due to different reasons and wish they could conceive. Abortion should therefore be unheard of and in case of unwanted pregnancies, women should be ready to take full responsibility. Thirdly, abortion should be completely discouraged because of the serious physical and health problems to the mother associated with the act. One of the negative impacts it has on women is that it increases the chances of experiencing miscarriages in the future. The other danger associated with abortion is that it poses a danger to the reproductive system of women in the future. In addition, abortion is responsible for causing infertility or ectopic pregnancies as a result of damage caused to the neighboring organs during the process. This complication causes the baby to develop in the fallopian tubes due to the damage to the organs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Debate of Abortion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, termination of a first pregnancy can expose women to the risk of getting breast cancer later in life. When a pregnancy is terminated through an abortion, the breast tissues of a woman are left in a stimulated condition which increases development of cancer (Lawlor 9). These health risks to the health of a woman make abortion a dangerous process which should be encouraged. Conclusion Abortion is a highly contested debate with many parties attempting to give justifications for carrying out the act. Some women give reasons of being young while others excuse themselves for being in unstable relationships. Whichever reasons they give, abortion remains a morally unacceptable procedure. The fetus is a living thing and nobody should terminate life since it is wrong both biblically and morally. There ar e different techniques used to carry out the procedure such as the hook, salt poisoning among other procedures. Most of the techniques used pose a health risk to the mother after procedure. It is interesting that some women who carry out abortion fail to get other children in their lives and live to regret their decisions of carrying out abortion. Abortion is morally and legally unacceptable and should be discouraged. Works Cited Edlin, Gordon and Eric Golanty. Essentials for health and wellness. New York: Jones Bartlett Learning, 2000. Print Edlin,Gordon and Eric Golanty. Health and Wellness. New York: Jones and Bartlett, 2004.Print Freedictionary. Abortion. 2011. Web. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/abortion. Lawlor, Jessica. Long Term Physiological and Psychological Effects of Abortion on Women. n.d. Web. http://www.cirtl.org/syndrome.htm.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Debate of Abortion was written and submitted by user C0tt0nm0uth to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Monday, March 9, 2020

Archaeopteris - The First Modern Tree on Earth

Archaeopteris - The First Modern Tree on Earth Our earths first modern tree establishing itself in developing forests emerged around 370 million years ago. Ancient plants made it out of water 130 million years earlier but none were considered true trees. True tree growth only came about when plants overcame biomechanical problems to support additional weight. The architecture of the modern tree is defined by evolutionary features of strength that builds in rings to support greater and greater height and weight, of protective bark that shields the cells that conduct water and nutrients from the earth to the furthest leaves, of supportive collars of extra wood that surround the bases of each branch, and of internal layers of wood dovetail at branch junctions to prevent breakage. It took over a hundred million years for this to happen. Archaeopteris, an extinct tree that made up most of the forests across the earths surface in the late Devonian period, is considered by scientists to be the first modern tree. New collected pieces of fossils of the trees wood from Morocco have filled in parts of the puzzle to shed new light. Discovery of Archaeopteris Stephen Scheckler, a professor of biology and geological sciences at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Brigitte Meyer-Berthaud, of the Institut de lEvolution of Montpellier, France, and Jobst Wendt, of the Geological and Paleontological Institute in Germany, analyzed a trove of these African fossils. They now propose Archaeopteris to be the earliest known modern tree, with buds, reinforced branch joints, and branched trunks similar to todays modern tree. When it appeared, it very quickly became the dominant tree all over the Earth, says Scheckler. On all of the land areas that were habitable, they had this tree. Scheckler goes on to point out, The attachment of branches was the same as modern trees, with swelling at the branch base to form a strengthening collar and with internal layers of wood dovetailed to resist breaking. We had always thought this was modern, but it turns out that the first woody trees on earth had the same design. While other trees quickly met extinction, Archaeopteris made up 90 percent of the forests and stayed around a very long time. With trunks up to three feet wide, the trees grew perhaps 60 to 90 feet tall. Unlike present-day trees, Archaeopteris reproduced by shedding spores instead of seeds. Development of the Modern Ecosystem Archaeopteris stretched out its branches and canopy of leaves to nourish life in the streams. The decaying trunks and leaves and the altered carbon dioxide/oxygen atmosphere abruptly changed ecosystems all over the earth. Its litter fed the streams and was a major factor in the evolution of freshwater fishes, whose numbers and varieties exploded in that time, and influenced the evolution of other marine ecosystems, says Scheckler. It was the first plant to produce an extensive root system, so had a profound impact on soil chemistry. And once these ecosystem changes happened, they were changed for all time.   Archaeopteris made the world almost a modern world in terms of ecosystems that surround us now, Scheckler concludes.

Friday, February 21, 2020

Marketing Plan for Nintendo Wii Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Plan for Nintendo Wii - Research Paper Example Nintendo was introduced to the video game industry in 1985 only to become a great hit within the people of all age groups. It rejuvenated the gaming industry single-handedly. From the inception, the company was always on the run to improve its product technology while maintaining low price levels on the other. This strategy was well accepted by the general public that it catered to economical entertainment. Thus its sales have surged into millions within a short span of time. Recently it introduced Wii which has several advanced features with a built in wi-fi capability. The company is now on the plan for implementing a strategic marketing plan which would be most beneficial for its running in the future. (Anon., 2010). Background analysis Organizational background: Nintendo was originally a Japanese playing card company which introduced its entertainment system in U.S. Today, it has its presence in over 20 countries covering Asia Pacific, Europe and America. Its customers range from 5-120 years of age. Most of them however are youngsters. (Armstrong. M., 2006). The crucial part of Nintendo’s success was its perfect planning and timing. It released its gaming videos in 1985, when the whole video gaming industry crashed totally. (Cooper.R.G., 2001), (Anon., 2005). This is similar to the research undertaken to identify aggressive competitor’s attacks on market leaders. According to the research, a competitor is said to be above-normal aggressive if he moves into new markets geographically, compete with leader’s brands, enter for the first time into the market and increase advertising expenditures.

Wednesday, February 5, 2020

Proportion Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proportion Paper - Essay Example for a proportion, sample size required for a proportion, confidence interval for the difference of two proportion, comparison of a proportion with hypothesized proportion, and comparison of two proportions will be discussed. Central Limit Theorem (CLT) for a Proportion state that â€Å"As sample size increases, the distribution of the sample proportion p = x/n approaches a normal distribution with mean Ï€ and standard deviation.† The statistic p = x/n is assumed normally distributed when the sample is large. A conservative rule of thumb that normality may be assumed whenever nÏ€ ≠¥ 10 and n(1 − Ï€) ≠¥ 10. This rule requires a very large sample size to assume normality when Ï€ differs greatly from 0.50 (Doane & Seward 2007). Using the Central Limit Theorem, the probability that a sample proportion will fall within a given interval can be stated. The confidence interval for a population proportion, Ï€ at a given confidence level (1 – ÃŽ ±) is given by The value of z can be obtained using normal table (Z table) or using Excel function NORMINV(ÃŽ ±/2). The width of the confidence interval for a population proportion, Ï€ depends on the sample size, confidence level (1 – ÃŽ ±), and the sample proportion p. The estimate of difference and standard deviation of two-population proportion can be given by and , respectively. Using this estimate, a confidence interval for the difference of two population proportions, (Ï€1− Ï€2), is given by For normal sampling distribution, the test statistic for the hypothesis test will be z score. This test statistic is compared with critical value of z score at the selected level of significance, ÃŽ ± for retaining or rejecting null hypothesis (H0). The test statistic for a population proportion with hypothesized proportion Ï€0 is the difference between the sample proportion p and the hypothesized proportion Ï€0 divided by the estimated standard error of the proportion (denoted ÏÆ'p) as given below The assumptions of comparison

Tuesday, January 28, 2020

The Issues For Building Resilient Communities Environmental Sciences Essay

The Issues For Building Resilient Communities Environmental Sciences Essay Hazards are found everywhere and so the onus is always upon the communities involved to find ways to deal with such hazards (Benini et al 2008), some of which may have serious consequences while others may be less serious. Harzards which are posed by disasters may however, have far reaching effects on the local communities and in most cases there may not be adequate ways of tackling these and the communities must learn to live with such hazards. This essay will make an attempt to evaluate the nature of harzards their effects that call upon certain measures of resilience to be affected to deal with the same. It is the view of this essay that in areas where disasters are prone, there may be more hazards and hence also, more resilience responses by the members of the communities than in areas where such disasters and hence harzards are less (Garg et al 2007). But this view is only limited to the extent where natural disasters are common and not necessarily in areas where other disasters might occur, because, while natural hazards may be common place in certain areas for instance flooding and cyclone in Bangladesh due to its geographical position, fire hazards may occur in any country irrespective of its geographical location and hence the scope of this discussion will be limited to the kind of hazard that will be used (Berkes, Colding, Folke 2003, Zhou H., et al 2008). Disasters which often lead to hazards may be defined as those occurrences that are unplanned and are sudden or even anticipated and whose effects are often widespread (Benini et al 2008). Disasters have over the years struck different parts of the world and as much as they are not anticipated, there is never a guarantee that they have stopped. The essay will also present ways in which resilience communities might be build to deal with several hazards, which might arise in such a way that when such hazards arise the effects may not be too great to bear. According to Hollings (2004) and Hewitt (2004) resilience is important when dealing with hazards fro a number of ways; First, it creates a holistic approach to dealing with hazards on the basis of common notion or scientific suggestions, second, it provides the community with a multi-hazard response approach where the society will always know how to approach a hazardous situation from different perspective and lastly, being a forward looking approach, it can help a society to build response policy for dealing with hazards as and when they occur. Vulnerability of communities When a community is faced by disasters, there may either be resilience or vulnerability. In the view of this paper, resilience is the ability of the society to deal with such disasters and to overcome with little or not casually whatsoever, while vulnerability is the situation where the society is resigned to the harm caused by the disasters and the occurrence of the same will often come with devastating effects (Berkes, Colding, Folke 2003). Hazards, which are often a result of disasters, must hence be deal with using systematic or had-oc mechanisms (Islam , Deegan 2008). According to Backoff (2001), the people who live in stressed conditions are often more predisposed to cope that those in other conditions, and in the view of this report and according to (Jordan 2009), the levels of coping with such conditions may often change due to changes in the intensity of the conditions (Garg et al 2007). Different communities hence have different ways for dealing with hazards as they arise and while some may have a holistic approach to dealing with hazards for instance, tackling all hazards in the same way, others might have specific approach to dealing with the same (Zuberi 1988). There may hence be a debate as to which approach is the best. The nature of intervention build by a community may hence be viewed as a matter of tradition and culture than as a matter of snap policy. The Coast of Bangladesh This area of Bangladesh is considered the most hazardous due to the problems that are posed by environmental hazards to the residents each year (Islam , Deegan 2008). When the cyclone roars, it causes with it death and unimaginable injuries to the people living in these areas . What often happens here is that when the anti-clockwise cyclone starts offshore as a result of low atmospheric pressure, it increases the height of the water to a few meters and with a wind of about 190km/ hour, when such water is pushed to the land, it causes massive destruction (Garg et al 2007). Official figures showing the history of such disasters in Bangladesh indicates that this cyclone killed 0.5 million in 1970, and it was known as the great cyclone. Also, this coastal area is not strange to tornadoes and between 1877 and 1987, Bangladesh suffered a total of 19 serious cyclones with such tornadoes often carrying properties and depositing them tens of kilometres away and in the course of doing so, leaves masses of people, dead, injured or homeless (Salman 2009). The government records indicate that in 1987, 1988, 1998, 2004 and 2007, several floods have raved Bangladesh leading to serous deaths. In 2004, 40% of the capital city was affected, the experts have warned that the effects of global warming will become the cause of hazard in the recent times, and that Bangladesh must be ready to face it or deal with it (Salman 2009, Islam, Deegan 2008). Hazards and Vulnerabilities Bangladesh faces many problems occasioned by disasters which are both natural and man-made (Zuberi 1988), including flooding, silent but rampant spread of HIV-AIDS, Child Malnutrition and of course poverty. With relations to flooding, which will form our main subject matter, there are many contributory factors that have made this country and especially the coastal region to be most vulnerable to disasters (Kumar, Reddy 2007), first, as stated earlier, the country sits on the path of hot air and cold air meeting points making it vulnerable to cyclones and torrential rains which often cause havoc to the people in the region, Bangladesh is geographically placed on an estuary where the sea curves into the masses of land on either side at the bay of Bengal (appendix 1) and when the moist air from the sea meets with dry air on the land then the results is heavy rainfall, that may be up to several millimetres higher in a day that most places get in a several days (Salman , 2009), secondly, Bangladesh has probably the highest concentration of river estuaries within a small mass of land, than any other country, making it vulnerable to flooding when the rivers break their banks, thirdly, Banglade sh also has one of the highest population densities in the world with a density of 1045 per square kilometre (AsiaInfo 2010). With such a high population density, (Salman 2009, Malone 2009), noted that any occurrence in hazard will definitely have devastating effect on the masses. This explains why whenever there is flooding in this county, the number of deaths will always running to several hundreds if not thousands. Fourth, this country has one of the highest poverty levels in the world and certainly one of the poorest in South East Asia region (Medical News 2008, Jordan 2009), with dowry payment that often runs to more that hundreds of times of average daily wages, being blamed for such levels since families try to save a lot of money in a lifetime and luxury or even mere subsistence is non existence (Mahmud , Amin 2006, Garg et al 2007). With such levels of poverty, it is the view of this report that the government does not also have any resources to provide for its population, indeed if there are no provisions to support the population in normal times, then, such may not be available when hazards strike. Fifth, the levels of ignorance in this area and especially at the coastal regions is extremely high that the population has not ideal whatsoever about issues of climate change, or weather conditions (Martin et al 2006, Berkes 2007), and this has led to late reaction when floods are developing since people go about their businesses as if nothing is happening and by the time they begin to react, it is often very late. According to (Hudson 2008), when a society does not appreciate the issues surrounding their safety, especially when such issues are caused by natural catastrophes, then the results are often catastrophic as such societies are often well placed on the time-bomb of prolonged danger and destruction. But, lack of awareness is often related to the levels of poverty in the society and this can hence be attributed as a secondary issue of vulnerabilit y in this region of Bangladesh, since it is a result of general levels of poverty, but not necessarily of ignorance, as the people in the cities are often more informed than those in the rural areas (Martin et al 2006). But (Zuberi 1988), argued that disasters have not subjective effects, and levels of ignorance have never spared or saved a society when disasters are about to strike, however, these views are subjective, since, the nature of destruction and hazards posed by disasters largely depend on the kind of hazards in question (Malone 2009). Building resilience In an area where flooding hazard is an issue that has continued to affect the society for decades, resilience is crucial. According to (Berkes 2007) , it is important to build good resilience to ensure that the hazards are reduced and their effected minimised. Resilience, provides a society with ways of avoiding suffering not only for the present but also for the future (Kumar, Reddy 2007). However, this has to be carried out systematically, lest it fails. There is a need to ensure that there is greater acceptability of the resilience mechanism by the society in such a way that programs being given immediately take off with general consensus of the masses (Hudson 2008). It should however be noted that for issues affecting cultural practices, it is important to tread carefully, and ensure that local community heads are put on the forefront of the program. Such activities may include; the local government representatives and religious reasons. From the information presented above, it can be seen that the coastal region of Bangladesh is extremely vulnerable to flood hazard dating back to past decades. One of the noticeable but simple and less effective ways that the people in the coastal regions of Bangladesh have been doing is to build elevated wooden structures (Zhou H., et al 2008). Of course the choice of material has nothing to do with building defences but everything to do with subjection to poverty, since, in the view of this essay, stronger housing, are necessary for creating some level of defences against flooding, but, wooden structures do not provide such resilience (Bennett et al 2010). In this region, people have also adapted to creating sandbags from soil and placing them around the vulnerable areas near the river as a way of having a sustained defence against flooding caused by overflow rivers (Malone 2009) , but these methods are carried out at micro level and there is no way they can be judged as effective. According to (Zhou H., et al 2008), the government must priorities its response mechanism and involve the local community in the process. This essay holds the view that, in order to create resilience, the following must be considered; first, the government need to start long term empowerment programs where people will be empowered economically, in Bangladesh, the United Nations bodies have continued to engage the local population in empowerment programs (Swalheim, Dodman 2008), but this has been short term and aimed at putting food on the table, rather than creating long term propensity to purchase. There is a need to ensure that self-sustaining economic activities are encouraged and this can be done through the provision of facilities for cottage industry, subsidies, tax holidays and fetching for markets for the products (Garg et al 2007). Cottage industries are preferred than agriculture which the people have for so long relied on, but without tangible success, secondly, there is a need to create a nationwide awareness for cultural change where people will be encouraged to change their attitude towards marriage and d owry (Mahmud , Amin 2006, Garg et al 2007). This will obviously be very hard to achieve, but it can be made to be part of the long-term strategy to making people to spend their money, this will result in increment in the general levels of riches in the region. Third, there is a need to ensure that the population in the coastal region avoids practices that put the environment in jeopardy and instead, engage in such practices as will lead to environmental sustenance, including, responsible disposal of non-biodegradable materials, some of which are used to make the makeshift houses, and afforestation. The premise here is that, due to higher levels of rainfall every year, it is possible to plant trees in millions in the whole region and especially by the river areas. The trees to be planted should initially be such that have a faster growth pattern, which will grow fast and act as barriers to erosion and windbreakers (Garg et al 2007). This is a sure long-term defence that will transform the region forever, and guarantee life for posterity. When the forest cover is developed, it is possible to embark on agriculture and this will develop the area further as famine will be a thing of the past, and the society, which will have also developed cottage industry will be in a good position not only to provide for their food but also housing. The view held by this essay is that afforestation and development of cottage industry are crucial in building resilience. On particular importance is afforestation, which will control climate change as Bangladesh still sits on the path of the wrath of climate change. Rampant flooding, which causes with it deaths, sicknesses, destruction of property and other problems will continue to affect this area if nothing is done to develop a long term solution (Bennett et al 2010, Garg et al 2007). Bangladesh will remain on the Bay of Bengal and if irrigation continues in India and silt is deposited in Bangladesh along river Ganges, then nothing can be done from the side of India, then activities for conservation must be undertaken in Bangladesh, and everyone should participate. Discussion and Conclusion This essay has managed to highlight the historical issues that have put Bangladesh on the path of flood and hazards. Hazards have had devastating effects on a people and their property and when it is perennial, the effects may lead to a cycle of poverty that may not come to an end. The need for resilience in the societies is therefore vital and as seen in the case of coastal areas of Bangladesh, geographical disposition of the country makes it very vulnerable and especially the coastal regions which (Garg et al 2007). The people of this country are also very poor and that translates to governments inability to provide for emergency, leaving the people exposed to floods and cyclones. In this area most people, have erected elevated houses to stay above the flood lines but when such houses are built on cardboards and polythene and even wooded materials, the defence created are very much minimised and instead, lack of sanitation and these materials, cause further problems to the environment (Garg et al 2007). As much as there are issues that can be viewed as being taboos, it is important to ensure that such taboos are gradually but surely dealt with. Most notable was the issue of dowry and issues of HIV AIDS which are also contributory to disasters in this country . What needs to be done, is to create a level of higher purchasing power and this can be done through engaging the community in cottage industries than agriculture, which can be encouraged by the government who should get the market for the people and technology too (Swalheim, Dodman 2008), along with this, there may be more acceptance to embark on tree planting activities and if the government sets targets for a certain number of trees to be planted, then this will provide impetus to the people to do the same, but they must be taught about the importance of environmental conservation (Garg et al 2007, Martin et al 2006). Later on, as economic conditions improve, and when the trees have developed, people can then be taken through responsible agricultural training. The government should work with and encourage community-based organisations to mobilise and encourage the local communities to undertake such projects. By creating an enabling economic environment in the region, most people will be willing to undertake any other conservation programs that will crate long term resilience to the hazards that have continued to affect this region (Swalheim, Dodman 2008, Berkes 2007). Bangladesh, by virtue of its location, needs long-term resilience mechanism as a country to deal with hazards that are evolving. The need to understand that the problems facing this country will increase as climate change is also becomes more serious. The local population will not, on their own develop resilience unless the government leads with its resources. References AsiaInfo (2010) Bangladesh country information [Online] available from < http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/bangladesh/bangladesh.htm> accessed on 25th May, 2010. Bennett et al (2010) Exploring the meaning of health security for disaster resilience through peoples perspectives in Bangladesh. Elsevier Ltd. Newcastle upon Tyne. Benini et al (2008) Resilience and Vulnerability in Long-Term NGO Clients. Findings from an RDRS Bangladesh Panel survey. Bangladesh; Berkes F., (2007) Understanding uncertainness and reducing vulnerability: lessons from resilience thinking. Vol 41., Number 2. Netherlands. Berkes F., Colding J., Folke C., (2003) Navigating social-ecological systems: building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press. Fiona R., (2010) Social Networking and adaptation in rural Bangladesh. Vol 2. Number 1. Garg et al (2007) From Vulnerability to Resilience: The Challenge of Adaptation to Climate Change. Case studies from Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, South Africa and Korea. Hewitt K. (2004) A synthesis of the symposium and reflection on reducing risk through partnerships. Winnipeg. Hollilngs C., (2004) From Complex regions to complex Worlds. Ecology and Sociology. Hudson R., (2008) International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development. Vol 3. Number 3/4 . Durham University. Islam A., Deegan C., (2008) Motivations for an organisation within a developing country to report social responsibility information: Evidence from Bangladesh. Vol 21. Issues 6. Jordan J., (2009) Rethinking community resilience to climate change: does a social capital lens help?. Belfast. Kumar, P., Reddy S., (2007) Ecology and human well-being. Sage Publications. Mahmud S., Amin S. (2006) Girls Schooling and Marriage in rural Bangladesh. Research in the sociology of Education. Vol 15. Malone E., (2009) Resilience, Climate Change, and security: Modelling the Connections. Baltimore. Martin et al (2006) Vulnerability and Risk Reduction through a community based system for flood monitoring and forecasting. Medical News (2008) Major Cause of Poverty in Bangladesh is Marriage Dowry. [Online] available from < http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/127710.php> accessed on 26th May, 2010. Salman A., (2009) Bangladeshs economy: surrounded by deadly threats. International Journal of Social Economics. Vol 36. Issue  ½. Swalheim S., Dodman D., (2008) Building resilience: how the urban poor can drive climate adaptation. Zhou H., et al (2008) Resilience to natural hazards: a geographic Perspective. Vol 53. Number 1. Netherlands. Zuberi M., (1988) Environmental, Socio-Cultural and development linkages in a South Asia set-up. Vol 25. issue 6-8.

Monday, January 20, 2020

Effects Terrorism has on our Nation Essay example -- essays research p

Effects Terrorism has on our Nation Purpose: To inform readers of the effects the recent terrorist attacks have on society today. Audience: General Thesis: The terrorist attack on America has affected the economy, tourism and the foreign society tremendously. The Effects Terrorism has on Society From the lips of the FBI, â€Å"Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objective.† On September 11, 2001 the United States of America experienced such actions, it was the largest terror attack experienced by any country. The affect this had on America was tremendous, thousands are dead and tens of thousand of Americans in our country know someone who was killed or injured. The terrorist attack on America has affected the economy, tourism and foreign society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The economy has caused the U.S. unemployment to increase. The unemployment rate from two thousand one, to two thousand four has increased by 2 percent. The number of people without jobs has grown from six million, eight hundred and one thousand in The year two thousand and one,to eight million six hundred forty six thousand and two hundred fifty currently. This massive downsize is due to the lack of finances to fund workers in the workforce. Also the United States paid over one point, thirty six million dollars to families who lost loved ones in th...

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Prisoner Without a Name Book Review Essay

Prisoner without a Name, Cell without a number is a melancholy novel that expresses Argentina’s terrorist state. Jacob Timerman, a well respected man of Argentina, an editor of a well know Argentinian paper, La Opinion, tells the audience his story of the terrorist state of Argentina from 1967-1978. His gripping novel both describes his personal experience being kidnapped by terrorist, while he tells us about the condition of the terrorist state of Argentina. His book is important because it tells a first hand account of the fear, the distrust, and the mere insanity of conditions in the country of Argentina during its darkest time. In Timerman’s first chapter, he opens by describing how he lives (though being locked up in a cell is not living) while being locked away in an unknown location (p.g. 4). He first describes his own â€Å"cell†. He is extremely descriptive and the reader can feel as though they are in his small, narrow, cold, wet cell. He tells his audience of a little crack in the wall, his only ventilation and only source of light, in such little detail, yet the reader can understand his isolation from light, the outside world, and his family. Timerman describes the crack as a â€Å"faint glow, night and day, eliminating time† which represents his unwilling determination and hope for freedom. Timerman’s first chapter also gives the reader a sense that through all the events he has under gone, he still remains the same strong willed person (under the circumstances) he was as he is described in the rest of the book. In addition to he crack in the wall, Timerman describes an encounter with another prisoner when the eyehole of his cell accidentally left open by the guards. He describes his encounter with such passion and emotion, yet they do not say anything,, only stare at each other. Timerman describes how their movements, their eyes blinking, represented emotion and passionate communication between the two of them. For in these conditions seeing someone who is in the same situation and somehow communicating with them was extraordinary for Timerman. This encounter that he describes is an important aspect of his book, in that it represents an encounter with another person struggling through the same pain, and same tourture that he is experiencing. This can be looked at as a simile towards the conditions in the country of Argentina. After Timerman describes his torture and isolation while under imprisonment, his next chapter tells us about the chaos that has under gone in Argentina, and her government. He explains to the readers that there are two sides in this civil war between the two parties of government, and describes all of the violence that has occured as a by-product of this war. He tells us of his encounters with the hysteria before he was kidnapped, and the disarray that was upon Argentinians. Timerman uses a quote by Luis Borges that was very interesting and nsightful, claiming that â€Å"the Argentine is not a citizen but an inhabitant; that he lacks an idea of the nation where he resides , but views it as a territory†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which is an understandable view. The people of Argentina, as Timerman describes, are scared of their government and the terrorism that is upon them. Timerman describes Argentina is such a state that there is no government, and, that the government is corrupt and that there is no trust authorities. Timerman, throughout the book, tells about mothers, fathers, relatives, and friends coming to La Opinion asking to write a letter about their loved one going missing, yet he further explains in almost every instance, that he could not do anything about it because it could get him executed. Timerman, throughout the book, always described his reasoning and perspective, in that, he said he wanted to help those people that came looking for help, yet he was already pushing his luck writing articles that no other paper would dare to write. Timerman tells the read that during his position as editor at La Opinion he received many death threats and hostile remarks due to his articles in his paper being to left sided, or too right sided political view. Yet Timmerman tells the reader that his intensions where not to support either side, but to write about the truth about what was going on in Argentina. He also wanted to stop this terrorism and find a way to halt this insanity. Timermans book does an amazing job at telling two stories, his story of survival during imprisonment for multiple years, while also telling the reader about the irrationality and absurdity of Argentina’s â€Å"government†. Though the book takes place in Argentina, those who read it will understand the universal application. It could happen else where, and that is why it is an important book to read, understand and take in. Timerman, in his book, is a witness for the rest of us.

Friday, January 3, 2020

Competition and US Antitrust Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3188 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Tags: Competition Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION The boundaries of a business conduct that can be defined as anticompetitive and exclusionary is still one of the most debated issues in the United States Antitrust Law (hereinafter US Antitrust Law) today. The business conducts that intends to decrease the competition in the relevent market is widely considered as violation under the Sherman Antirust Act dated 1890 (hereinafter Sherman Act), which aims to prevent the trusts and monopolization. As mentioned above by way of protecting the competition, Sherman Act foresees some provisions where it prohibits the contracts, combinations or conspiracies that are to preclude competition and harm other competitiors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Competition and US Antitrust Law" essay for you Create order Therefore these forms shall be illegal under Sherman Act to the extent they limit the commerce(KUSSE, 1984).[1] Under the US Antitrust Case Law and also by many leading scholars, it is widely accepted that a company is free to refuse to deal with a competitor if this behavior is not an attempt to monopolize the market. This paper will mainly focus on this assumption in light of the present US Law. In particular, in general, the Colgate doctrine revelaed that a competitor has the right to refuse to deal with a rival and if a monopoly power firm is not intended to create monopolization, the Sherman Act does not restrict the monopolist to freely choose the person/rival to deal. [2] When considering the Colgate doctine as starting point, this essay will argue the well known Aspen Case, in order to examine to what extent monopolists have an affirmative duty to deal with a rival. The limits of this right were drawn later by other US Supreme Court decision by considering the essetial fac ilities doctrine. Aspen is one of these cases where the Supreme Court concluded that the competitors right to refuse to deal with a rival competitior is not unquantified however the Court did not adopted the essential facilities doctrine. Therefore this doctrine will not be the subject of this paper instead it will be referred slightly when necessary. The facts of the Aspen case will be analyzed below further however just to give an overview it is noteworthy to mention beforehand that the dispute arose between two ski resort companies namely; Aspen Skiin and Aspen Highlands, which for many years contributed to a joint marketing of a ticket to the skiers which gives access to eachothers mountains.[3] However Aspen Skiing discontinued its participation in this joint ticket program with Aspen Highlands. In Aspen Case, the Supreme Court concluded that since the defendant monopolist could not prove the justification to its refusal to cooperate to market a joint ski lift ticket that it formerly supplied to the Claimant was to obtain or at least was to cause monopoly violates Section 2 of the Sherman Act.[4] RELEVANT FACTS OF THE CASE Aspen Case between two ski resort companies in Aspen, Colorado in the USA i.e. Aspen Highlands (hereinafter Aspen Higlands) and Aspen Skiing Co. (hereinafter Aspen Skiing) is a United States Supreme Court case dated 1985 which has significance effect with regard to the abuse of dominant position. By the time of the dispute was first brought to the US Federal District Court, tehere were four ski resorts in Aspen Mountain; only one of them was owned by Aspen Higland and the rest of the resorts were owned by a single resort namely Aspen Skiing. The Parties had, for several years, to be more specific-until 1978- contributed into a joint marketing plan to sell a ski ticket called a 4-area All Aspen ticket which allowed the skiers to visit all of the Mountains without considering at which resort they stay and the revenues from these sales were shared between the parties in accordance with the coupons collected everyday. However, in 1978, Aspen Skiing abused its dominant position by it will not continue to sell its visitors the all-Aspen ticket if Aspen Highlands would not accept a fixed share of revenue which will in long term will hamper rival competition and therefore not considered as normal competition.[5] After long negotiations, Highlands accepted a fixed percentage which is a bit higher than what was offered by Aspen Skiing, which was leter further decreased by Aspen Skiing. [6] Because this offer was unaccapteble for Aspen Highland and therefore had not been accepted by Aspen Highlands, Aspen Skiing discountinued to sell the all-Aspen tickets. Notwithstanding Aspen Skiing started to act in a way where it stoped to offer any lift tickets to Aspen Highlands visitors to enable them to ski at the the Aspen Skiing Mountains as well. This attitude economicly harmed Aspen Highlands since it prevent Aspen Highlands from offering skiers visiting its resort any ticket for giving acces to all mountains (multi- area ticket). In spite of this Aspen Skiing was a ble to offer a 3-area, 6-day ticket which made it the only resort in the market that can give oppourtunity to visit more than one mountain during their visit and therefore the visitor who wants to ski on different mountains had to visit the Aspen Skiings resort. In addition to that, to promote this ticket, Aspen Skiing started an advertising campaign that influenced people who were unfamiliar with Aspen where it changed its picture of the four mountains in the Airport-Aspen Airways waiting room. The new sign referred to its three mountains only.[7] These actions of Aspen Skiing harmed Aspen Highlands so deeply that it became very hard to survive in the market as a result of which Aspen Highlands became a day ski area. Consequently, Aspen Highlands market share faced a steady downfall after it discountinued to sell the multiarea tickets.[8] Aspen Highlands revenues from associated skiing facilities and services declined sharply as well. Eventually in 1979, Aspen Highlands filed a case before the United States District Court alleging that Aspen Skiings unilateral refusal to continue selling a joint ticket launced by the competitors was to attempt to monopolize the market under Sherman Act- Section 2. In 1985, the case was taken to the Supreme Court, wherein the Supreme Court concluded that Aspen Skiings refusal to deal with a rival competitor was exclusionary since it made a change in the longlasting joint marketing program between the parties on some basis other than efficiency which can be defined as predatory.[9] The Supreme Court more specifically reasoned its decision based on the fact that refusal to deal violates antirust law only when it is to maintain a monopoly power and Aspen Skiing without any justified reason cut a longlasting cooperation with its rival.[10] Prior to Aspen Case, almost al of the US Supreme Court case have evaluated the refusal to deal concept within the framework of essential facilities doctrine under which a monopolist is to deal with a competitior if a monopolist has the control of a facility essential for its rival to compete and it has denied the use of this facility to a rival without a valid business reason. Aspen Case is therefore important that it did not adopt the essential facilities doctrine, which was being critizied by many leading scholars.[11] The reason of the criticism was that most of the courts interpreted the essential facilities doctrine and concluded that it gives a general duty to deal with a rival. This was negated by the Aspen case where the court concluded that Aspen Skiings refusal to deal with Aspen Highlands was exclusionary when considering the fact that Aspen Skiing could not be able to prove an efficiency justification for its refusal and further the Court did not evaluated whether or not the product (facility) was essential. In my opinion Aspen case has a great importance where the Supreme Court did not consider the essential facilities doctrine instead the justific ation for a monopolist resfusal to deal with a rival. ASPEN CASE- REFUSAL TO DEAL WHAT IS MONOPOLY POWER? In the event that one firm has the majority of the market share and that one firm can determine the conditions of the market as being in a dominant position, it is worth to note that this firm has monopoly power, which can in practice use this power to determine the conditions that can have a negative impact on the smaller competitors. The US Antitrust Law prohibits the monopolies unless they are are not as a result of a natural success or superior product of a firm (legitametely gained monopoly). In other words, it is fair to say that the general standard under Sherman Act is that the criter of harm the rival and competition will be considered exclusionary conduct by a monopolist, for which sanctions were foreseen by the Sherman Act. DOES A MONOPOLY POWER FIRM HAVE THE DUTY TO ENGAGE IN BUSINESS WITH A COMPETITOR? Section 2 prohibits any concerted and unilateral conducts that are to acquire monopolies. As emphasized by RIEVMAN, due to a lack of a clear definition of an unilateral and anticompetitive conduct in the Act itself, the courts usually define and formalize the elements for an anticompetitive behaviour on a case by case basis (RIEVMAN, 2012).[12] As briefly mentioned above in the Colgate case the court concluded that if a monopolist did not intent to maintain monopoly, its can freely decide whether to deal or with whom to deal. Mostly after the Colgate Case, US Supreme courts adopted the same apporac. Similarly, in Lorain Journal and Aspen Case, the Courts and besides leading scholars revealed that the there is a duty to aid a rival unless a monopolist did not have a valid reason for refusal.[13] Therefore, the entrepreneur has the right to exercise independent discretion in choosing the customers or class of customers with whom he will deal unless this right to choose the customer e xcludes competition.[14] In Aspen Case it was decided that the offense of monopolization has two element as similarly explained in United States v. Grinnell Corp. that is to say if a firm has a monopoly power in the market who uses this power to create monopoly power which is not an outcome of a superior product or business of this firm. These elements set out by the vested practice of the US Supreme Courts decision determines the boundaries of the monopolization which will be considered as a violation of law. In a sense, the refusal to cooperate with a rival can be anticompetitive only under the above mentioned circumstances which is more basically the intent of the monopolist. The Court of Appeal in the Aspen Case took the same approach. The Court of Appeal emphasized that a monopolists intent should be taken into account when determining whether the challenged conduct is fairly characterized as exclusionary, anticompetitive, or predatory.[15] Unless there is a valid reas on for a monopoly power firm to refuse to deal with a rival, it will not be considered as a violation of Sherman Act Section 2, which shall be evaluated by examining the the firmss intent. Aspen Skiing was not able to support its position that it had a valid business reason when discontinuing to sell a joint marketing product launced and developed by both of the Parties. Aspen Skiing became the only ski resort that could offer a multiare ski-ticket to its visitos. Aspen Highlands had a great interest in continuing to sell the all-Aspen tickets and Aspen Skiings insistence first on a fixed percentage of the market share of the revenues from these tickets and secondy cancelling a long-lasted practice between the Parties. Without being able to sell tickets to the other mountains, Aspen Highlands market sahere and revenues declined where at the same time Aspen Skiings shares increased sharply. Aspen Skiings refusal for a 4 area-mountain ticket also had adverse affect on the skiers as well. Appeal Courts decision was later affirmed by the Supreme Court where it rendered that Aspen Skiing had monopolized the market in Aspen. The Supreme Court clerarly stated no monopolist monopolizes unconscious of what he is doing by making reference to  Borks book where he stated that improper exclusion that are not a consequence of a superior business or products is always intended therefore the intend shall be investigated (BORK, 1978). In the actual case, the Supreme Court cocluded that Aspen Skiing did not only rejected to contiune a joint marketing program long lasting between in the Parties but is actually without a valid reason stopped the availability of a tiket that was preferred by the skiers.[16] Therefore paralel to the Supreme Courts decision one can argue that Aspen Skiings decision to terminate the all-Aspen wa to determine the conditions of the market and harm the other competitor in the market. Not only to the rival competitor, also consumers were also affected by Aspen Skiings unilateral decision. The Supreme Court concluded that where a firm with monopoly power attempts to create monopoly power by restraining the competition in the market with our efficiency concerns, it will be considered a violation of Section 2. If one should examine the consequences of Aspen Highlands refusal to deal. For whatwever the reason is the strong demand of the skiers for all-Aspen ticket formed over the years, which remained unreciprocaed. Aspen Skiing cancelled a product that allowed the skiers to be flexibale about the mountain to ski each day which was preferred by the the majotiy of the skiers. Besides the consumers, due to Aspen Skiings pattern of conduct on Highlands together with the additional actions taken by Aspen Skiing Aspen Highlands was prevented from marketing its own product to compete with Aspen Skiing and therefore survive in the market. The Court indicated that underlying norm of efficieny was not met as a result of which i t is not fair to say that there is a proper exclusion of the monopolist. Aspen Skiing refusal to deal with Aspen Highland was to enforce a power to exclude the competition in the relevant market and could not be explained by a any valid business reason. I belive that the Supreme Courts decision was right in this respect when considering the reason for termination of the multi area tickets by Aspen Skiing. The reason was that Aspen Skiing was not happy with the accuracy of the ticket monitoring system. However it was later revealed by thevidences before the Supreme Court that Aspen Skiing itself monitored the use of the 3-area passes based on the same system which it claimed to be unproper during the cancellation of the joint product.[17] Therefore this is enough to have a clear indication that Aspen Skiing was enjoying to exclude competition in the market by hamparing a smaller rival. [18] As emphasized by the Supreme Court if there was any valid reason for the refusal then Aspen Sk iing would not be considered to be violating Section 2. Because having a monopoly power alone is not a base for a violation instead the conduct itself is important. One should consider whether the conduct namly the refusal of the monopoist to deal is to handicap competitior and whether it benefits the consumers by this conduct, which is definitely not the case in the instant case.[19] When considering the above, parallel to the Supreme Courts decision, I am of the understanding that the monopolist made an effort to hinder the skiers (customers) to prefer the smaller rival for skiing services and it had no valid reason when doing so. Therefore the monopolist conduct in an anticompetitive or exclusionary way for instance by harming a rival to get higher profit in the market shall be illegal. In other words there are limits of a right of a competitors refusal to deal. These limits are vested in the rivals ability to find new customers and make higher profits. This will be conside red sucessful competition.[20] Therefore as emphasized in many US Supreme Court decision a monopolist right to refuse to deal with a rival competitor is not unqauntified.[21] It may give rise to a responsibility unless there is any valid reason to do so. In Lorain Journal Case it was concluded by the Supreme Court that a refusal to deal with a competitor can harm this smaller competitors right to select his customers and therefore make benefit in the market. In Lorain Journal case the publisher was considered to be in an attempt to monopolize the market by trying to destroy its small competitor which was a radio station when refusing to sell advertising to persons that patronized the radio station. Finally, in my opinion, In Aspen Case, Aspen Skiing refusal of continuing a joint marketing product with Aspen Highlands resulted in a wane of Aspen Highlands share in the relevant market. The Court is right in concluding that although there is no general duty to deal with a competi tior, monopolists refusal to sell a joint ticket program with its rival should be considered as illegal to the extent that this refusal has no valid reason and harms the small competitor(s). CONCLUSION A monopolist duty to deal is considered by case by case approach. As emphasized by many US Supreme Court cases, monopolisy duty to deal with the competitor depends wherher monpolist has a valid reason for that refusal. In Aspen Case, Aspen Skiings conduct was to maintain a monopoly without a valid business reason. When considering the essential nature of the All-Aspen Ticket featuring access to all four maountiains Aspen Skiings refusal to deal with Aspen Highlands, had limited its facilites to offer its visitors. In my opinion within the framework of the objectives of the competition and consumer welfare, if a monopolists refusal to deal harms the smaller competitor and also the consumer, which will be negatively effected by the refusal, this should be considered as violatio n of Sherman Act if there is no valid reason to refuse and one will be able to argue that a monopoly power firm then has a duty to cooperate with its rival. REFERENCES KUSSE, Kathryn A., Refusal to Deal as a Per Se Violation of the Sherman Act: Russel Stover Attacks the Colgate Doctrine, (1984) Retrieved from https://www.americanuniversitylawreview.org/pdfs/33/33-2/kusske.pdf RIEVMAN, David M., Boston College Law Review, Volume 28, Issue 2, Number 2, Article 7, 3-1-1987, The Grinnell Test of Monopolization Sounds a False Alarm: Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp. (1987) KÃÆ'„SEBERG, Thorsten Intellectual Property, Antitrust and Cumulative Innovation in the EU and the US, p.187 (2012) KAPEN Alon Y., Duty to Cooperate Under Section 2 of the Sherman Act Aspen Skiings Slippery Slope, Cornell Law Review Volume 72 Issue 5 July 1987 Article 5 ELHLAUGE Einer, GERADIN Damien, Global Competition Law and Economics, 2011, p. 425 R. BORK, The Antitrust Pa radox (1978) CASE REFERENCES Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp., 472 U.S. 585 (1985) United States v. ColgateCo., 250 U.S. 300 (1919) Lorain Journal v. United States, 342 U.S. 143, 154 (1951) United States v. Citizens Southern National Bank 422 US 86 1 [1] KUSSE, p. 463 (1984) [2] Colgate, 250 U.S. at 307 [3] Parties had a interchangable ticket program which gives acces to all of the four mountains for the skiers visiting these resorts. [4] Aspen, 472 U.S. 585, at 610-11 [5] Id. at 591; ELHAUGE/GERADIN, p. 415 [6] Id. at 593 [7] Id. at 593 [8] Id. at 590 [9] BORK, p. 344 [10] Id. at 603 [11] ELHAUGE/GERADIN, 447. 415 [12] RIEVMAN (2012), p.415 [13]Lorain Journal v. United States; Verizon vs. Trinko, ifra 524 [14] JONES/ SUFRIN, p.524 [15] Id. at 602-04 [16] Id at 603 [17] Id at 608-10. [18] Id at 608-10. [19] Id at 597 [20] United States v. Citizens Southern National Bank 422 US 86 [21] Id. at 602